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The version history of the Androidmobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and it has seen several updates to its base operating system since the initial release.

Overview[edit]

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.^[1] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.^[2][3] The beta was released on November 5, 2007,^[4][5] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.^[6] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.^[7] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system.

The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.^[8] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestone builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.^[9]

The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.^[10] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released the following month.

In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.^[11] Initially the minimum requirement was Android 8, released in the second half of 2017, for which support would be required for new apps by August 2018, and for updates to existing apps by November 2018. This pattern has continued in subsequent years.^[12][13]

Version history by API level[edit]

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3)
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[44][45] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme used for all releases until Android Pie, with Android 10 using a number-only system. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[46]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
1.5	April 27, 2009[44]	Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and a user dictionary for custom words. Support for Widgets – miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates.[47] Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats. Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth (A2DP and AVRCP profiles). Copy and paste features in web browser. User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts. Specific date/time stamp shown for events in call log, and one-touch access to a contact card from a call log event. Animated screen transitions. Auto-rotation option. New stock boot animation. Ability to upload videos to YouTube. Ability to upload photos to Picasa. Ability to check phone usage history.[48]	Android 1.5 home screen

Android 1.6 Donut (API 4)
On September 15, 2009, Android 1.6 – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[49][50][51] Included in the update were numerous new features:[49]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
1.6	September 15, 2009[50]	Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the web. Ability for developers to include their content in search results. Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text. Easier searching and the ability to view app screenshots in Android Market. Gallery, Camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access. Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion. Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine. Support for WVGA screen resolutions. Speed improvements in searching and camera applications. Expanded Gesture framework and a new GestureBuilder development tool.	Android 1.6 home screen

Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5)
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.[52] Changes include the ones listed below.[53]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.0	October 26, 2009	Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for synchronization of an email and contacts. Microsoft Exchange email support, with a combined inbox to browse an email from multiple accounts in one page. Bluetooth 2.1 support. Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person. Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with the added ability to delete the oldest messages in a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached. Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus. Improved typing speed on a virtual keyboard, with a smarter dictionary that learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions. Refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails, double-tap zoom and support for HTML5. Calendar agenda view enhanced, showing attending status for each invitee, and the ability to invite new guests to events. Optimized hardware speed and revamped UI. Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, with better contrast ratio. Improved Google Maps 3.1.2. MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events.[54] Addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to show movement.[55]	Android 2.0 home screen

Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8)
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[58]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.2	May 20, 2010	Speed, memory, and performance optimizations.[59] Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation.[60] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application. Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications. Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe.[61] Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications. USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality[62] Option to disable data access over a mobile network. Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features.[59] Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries. Support for Bluetooth-enabled car and desk docks. Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords. Support for file upload fields in the Browser application.[63] The browser now shows all frames of animated GIFs instead of just the first frame only. Support for installing applications to expandable memory. Adobe Flash support.[64] Support for high-PPI displays (up to 320 ppi), such as four-inch 720p screens.[65] Gallery allows users to view picture stacks using a zoom gesture.	Android 2.2 home screen
2.2.1	January 18, 2011	Bug fixes, security updates and performance improvements.
2.2.2	January 22, 2011
2.2.3	November 21, 2011[67]

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[68][69] Changes included:[68]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.3	December 6, 2010[69]	Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed. Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher).[65] Native support for SIPVoIP internet telephones. Faster, more intuitive text input on a virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better suggested text and voice input mode. Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-holding, copying, and pasting. Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user to read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement. New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost. New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application. Support for multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available. Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding. Improved power management with a more active role in managing applications that are keeping the device awake for too long. Enhanced support for native code development. Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices.[70][71] Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers. Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance. Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers). First Android version to feature an Easter egg. It was an image of the Bugdroid standing next to a zombie gingerbread man, with many more zombies in the background.	Android 2.3 home screen
2.3.1	December 2010	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.
2.3.2	January 2011	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11)
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[82][83][84][85] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[86] The update's features included:[82]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
3.0	February 22, 2011[84]	Optimized tablet support with a new “holographic” user interface (removed again the following year with version 4.2).[87] New Easter egg, an image of a Tron-themed bumblebee. Added System Bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the screen. Added the Action Bar, giving access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen. Simplified multitasking – tapping Recent Applications in the System Bar allows users to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one application to another. Redesigned the keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen sizes Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface. Multiple browser tabs replacing browser windows, plus form auto-fill and a new “incognito” mode allowing anonymous browsing. Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and other camera features. Ability to view albums and other collections in full-screen mode in Gallery, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos. New two-pane Contacts UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts. New two-pane Email UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient, allowing users to select one or more messages. Hardware acceleration. Support for multi-core processors. Ability to encrypt all user data. HTTPS stack improved with Server Name Indication (SNI). Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE; kernel module). Disallows applications from having to write access to secondary storage (memory cards on devices with internal primary storage) outside of designated, application-specific directories. Full access to primary internal storage is still allowed through a separate application-level permission.[88][89]	Android 3.0 home screen

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14)
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,[95] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.[96] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.[97] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.[98] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.[99] The update introduced numerous new features:[100][101][102]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
4.0	October 18, 2011[100]	Major refinements to the "Holo" interface with the new Roboto font family. Soft buttons from Android 3.x are now available for use on phones. Separation of widgets in a new tab, listed in a similar manner to applications. Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style. Improved visual voicemail with the ability to speed up or slow down voicemail messages. Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the Calendar. Integrated screenshot capture (accomplished by holding down the Power and Volume-Down buttons). Improved error correction on the keyboard. Ability to access applications directly from the lock screen. Improved copy-and-paste functionality. Better voice integration and continuous, real-time speech-to-text dictation. Face Unlock, a feature that allows users to unlock handsets using facial recognition software.[87] Automatic syncing of browser with users' Chrome bookmarks. Data Usage section in settings that lets users set warnings when they approach a certain usage limit, and disable data use when the limit is exceeded. Ability to shut down applications from the recent apps list with a swipe.[103] Improved camera application with zero shutter lag, time lapse settings, panorama mode, and the ability to zoom while recording. Built-in photo editor. New gallery layout, organized by location and person. Refreshed the "People" application with social network integration, status updates and hi-res images. Android Beam, a near-field communication feature allowing the rapid short-range exchange of web bookmarks, contact info, directions, YouTube videos and other data.[87] Support for the WebP image format.[91] Hardware acceleration of the UI.[104] Wi-Fi Direct.[105] 1080p video recording for stock Android devices. Android VPN Framework (AVF), and TUN (but not TAP) kernel module. Prior to 4.0, VPN software required a rooted Android device.	Android 4.0 home screen
4.0.1	October 21, 2011	Fixed minor bugs for the Samsung Galaxy Nexus.
4.0.2	November 28, 2011	Fixed minor bugs on the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, the US launch of which was later delayed until December 2011.[b]

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16)
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.[112] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,[113] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
4.1	July 9, 2012	Smoother user interface: Vsync timing across all drawing and animation done by the Android framework, including application rendering, touch events, screen composition and display refresh. Triple buffering in the graphics pipeline. CPU input boost. Synchronizing touch to vsync timing. Enhanced accessibility. Bi-directional text and other language support. User-installable keyboard maps. Expandable notifications. Ability to turn off notifications on an application-specific basis. Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-arranged or re-sized to allow new items to fit on home screens. Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam. Tablets with smaller screens now use an expanded version of the interface layout and home screen used by phones.[114] Improved camera application. Multichannel audio.[112] The Fraunhofer FDK AAC codec becomes standard in Android, adding AAC 5.1 channel encoding/decoding. USB audio (for external sound DACs).[112] Audio chaining (also known as gapless playback).[112][115][116] Ability for other launchers to add widgets from the application drawer without requiring root access.	Android 4.1 home screen
4.1.1	July 11, 2012[117]	Fixed a bug on the Nexus 7 regarding the inability to change screen orientation in any application.
4.1.2	October 9, 2012[118]	Lock/home screen rotation support.[119] One-finger gestures to expand/collapse notifications.[120] Bug fixes and performance enhancements.