Saga Power ID Editor 1.02 serial key or number

Saga Power ID Editor 1.02 serial key or number

Saga Power ID Editor 1.02 serial key or number

Saga Power ID Editor 1.02 serial key or number

Delta Squad

  

This Star Wars Legends article contains information that is affected by the Star Wars: The Clone Wars project.

A definitive Legends Clone Wars timeline was never established by Lucasfilm. The exact chronology of the events described in this article is currently unknown.

Delta Squad

General information

Historical information

Other information

"I feel genuinely sorry for any hostile who has the misfortune to face Delta Squad in combat."
―Walon Vau[src]

Delta Squad was an elite clone commandosquad that carried out demanding missions for the Grand Army of the Republic during the Clone Wars. Comprised of four clones of the Mandalorianbounty hunter, Jango Fett, Delta Squad included RC-1138, RC-1140, RC-1207, and RC-1262—informally known as "Boss", "Fixer", "Sev", and "Scorch", respectively. One of the twenty-five squads that comprised Arca Company of the Commando GroupZero Five Commando in the Grand Army's Special Operations Brigade, Delta Squad took their orders from the Director of Special Forces, Jedi GeneralArligan Zey, along with Zey's former Padawan, Bardan Jusik for much of the war, and then from Jusik's replacement, Jedi KnightEtain Tur-Mukan. During several missions, the unit was also overseen in the field by clone advisorCC-01/425.

First deployed on Geonosis at the start of the Clone Wars, Delta Squad would go on to play an instrumental role in the recapture of the RASProsecutor, as well as the rescue of fellow commando unit, Omega Squad. In conjunction with Omega, and working with two of the Null-class Advanced Recon Commandos under the direction of former Cuy'val Dar training sergeantKal Skirata, Delta would take part in the shut down of a Separatistterror cell operating on Coruscant. The squad would be tasked with locating the Kaminoan defector Ko Sai, though their search would turn up nothing but the scientist's severed head. Delta Squad would again prove invaluable to the Republic in the lead up to the Battle of Kashyyyk, where they were able to rescue the WookieechieftainTarfful from his Trandoshanslaver captors, defend Wookiee villages from Separatist battle droids, and even destroy a Recusant-class light destroyer. However, it was on Kashyyyk that Delta Squad would be forced to abandon one of their own, the commando known as Sev, when he came under fire and the squad received orders from JediGrand MasterYoda himself to immediately pull out. Delta Squad would go on to serve the newly-formedGalactic Empire as part of the 501st Legion'sImperial Commando Special Unit, where they were given a replacement for Sev, and tasked with hunting down Jedi who had escaped Order 66, along with clone deserters, Jedi sympathizers, and other Imperial dissidents.

HistoryEdit

Youth and trainingEdit

The four members of Delta Squad were born in the cloningfacilities of Tipoca City on the planet of Kamino. During their youth, they received flash training much like the rest of the developing Grand Army of the Republic,[1] but the majority of their training came from Walon Vau, one of the seventy-five Mandalorianclone commando training sergeants in the one-hundred-man group known as the Cuy'val Dar. Hand-picked by Jango Fett

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Sample Size Estimation for Alzheimer's Disease Trials from Japanese ADNI Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

METHODS

Participants

Participants were recruited in the J-ADNI study. The J-ADNI was a multicenter study assessing neuroimaging in diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring that was started in 2008 in Japan by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). All of the participants were recruited at 38 Japanese clinical sites. They were followed up for 2–3 years using 1.5-T MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), biological fluid analysis, and neuropsychological batteries. All of the protocols were designed to be as compatible as possible to those of the ADNI. For additional details about the J-ADNI, see the previous article by the J-ADNI [32].

Participants were 60 to 84 years of age, generally healthy, spoke Japanese, lived at home, and had a study partner. Details of the J-ADNI inclusion and exclusion criteria can be found at https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000001668. Briefly, the inclusion criteria for cognitively normal (CN) participants included the following: a score of 24–30 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [33], Japanese version; a global score of 0 on the CDR, Japanese version; and an education-adjusted score above the cutoff level on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) Logical Memory II [34], Japanese version (education for 0–9 years was ≥3, for 10–15 years was ≥5, and for >15 years was ≥9). The inclusion criteria for the MCI subjects were a score of 24–30 on the MMSE, memory disturbance identified by the study partner with or without the subjective complaint of the participant, a score of 0.5 on the CDR, and an education-adjusted score below the cutoff level on the WMS-R Logical Memory II (education for 0–9 years was ≤2, for 10–15 years was ≤4, and for >15 years was ≤8). The inclusion criteria for AD subjects was a score of 20–26 on the MMSE score, a score of 0.5 or 1 on the CDR, and an education-adjusted score below the cutoff level on the WMS-R Logical Memory II (same as for MCI). AD subjects also had to meet the criteria of the NINCDS-ADRDA (the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) [35] for probable AD. Exclusion criteria included brain lesions on screening or baseline MRI, neurological and psychiatric disorders other than AD, addiction to alcohol or other drugs, and use of psychoactive drugs or warfarin.

The institutional review boards at all participating sites approved the data collection procedures and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. If participants were not capable of agreeing, their study partner signed the informed consent form in substitution.

A total of 750 participants were first recruited at the 38 clinical sites in Japan. Those who provided written informed consent and passed screening based on the above inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in the J-ADNI study. Finally, 537 participants were enrolled. The 537 participants underwent brain MRI at baseline. Follow-up MRI was performed at 6, 12, and 24 months for all participants and at 36 months only for MCI and CN participants. MCI participants additionally underwent MRI at 18 months. Clinical and cognitive assessments were also performed for all participants at the time of the baseline and follow-up scans. These assessments included MMSE, ADAS-Cog, and CDR-SB. Data were used for analysis from 149 AD, 234 MCI, and 154 CN participants. Clinical and demographic data are shown in Table 1. The participants’ IDs and visits used in the present study are listed in Supplementary Material A.

Table 1

Demographics of the J-ADNI participants (n=537)

Data for the automated segmentation atlas set

Data used in the preparation of the atlas set for the automated segmentation described in Supplementary Material B were obtained from the ADNI database (http://adni.loni.usc.edu). The ADNI was launched in 2003 as a public–private partnership, led by Principal Investigator Michael W. Weiner, MD. The primary goal of ADNI has been to test whether serial MRI, PET, other biological markers, and clinical and neuropsychological assessment can be combined to measure the progression of MCI and early AD. For up-to-date information, see http://www.adni-info.org.

MRI acquisition and image correction

Structural MR images were acquired on 1.5-T MRI scanners from three vendors (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany; and Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) using a three-dimensional sagittal magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo imaging (MPRAGE) sequence. Typical acquisition parameters were an inversion time of 1000ms, repetition time of 2400ms, minimum echo time, flip angle of 8°, field of view of 240×240mm2, and in-plane resolution of 192×192 (1.25×1.25mm2) or 256×256 (0.94×0.94mm2) with slice thickness of 1.2mm.

In this study, 3D MR images were acquired at 38 sites using scanners from the three different vendors. We performed the following three-step approach to minimize variations among scanners. First, we used a consistent MRI pulse sequence for MPRAGE over time. The MPRAGE sequence was used for all scanners to enhance gray/white matter contrast for superior gray/white matter segmentation. The parameters of the MPRAGE were chosen to be as close as possible to those of the MRI sequence of the US-ADNI [36]. For GE scanners, we installed a customized MPRAGE sequence with the permission of the University of Virginia.

Second, we checked whether any images suffered serious degradation due to motion artifacts, aliasing artifacts inside the skull, low signal-to-noise ratio, signal loss, or metal artifacts. Seriously degraded images were excluded to alleviate the influences of degradation on the results of the longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses.

Third, original MR images were pre-processed with the N3 intensity inhomogeneity correction [37] for all scanners and the B1 correction for scanners with a phased array receive coil to reduce intensity inhomogeneity due to non-uniform sensitivity of the receive coil [38]. Subsequently, phantom-based distortion correction [39] was performed to correct geometric distortion caused by the gradient non-linearity and static magnetic field inhomogeneity of each scanner.

Image processing

Our fully automated measurement procedure for the assessment of whole brain and hippocampalatrophy in serial MRI scans consists of two components: (1) automated segmentation of the whole brain and hippocampus using the multi-atlas image segmentation approach [40] and the corrective learning technique [41]; and (2) KN-BSI using multi-time-point symmetric affine registration with symmetric differential bias correction [19, 42–46]. For full details and assessments of this quantification procedure, see Supplementary Material B. Moreover, for head-to-head comparison with this procedure using the same dataset of the J-ADNI, one of the current state-of-the-art image analysis methods— FreeSurfer version 5.3 cross-sectional and longitudinal stream [47–49]— was used to estimate the atrophic changes of specific regions, including the hippocampal volume, lateral ventricle volume, and entorhinal cortical thickness, from serial MRI scans. The lateral ventricle consisted of the left and right lateral ventricles and inferior lateralventricles.

Recently, FreeSurfer has been shown to have similar reproducibility for atrophic measurements as manual hippocampal segmentation [50]. In the present study, no manual editing or exclusion due to processing failure was done at any stage of our procedure using KN-BSI and FreeSurfer. Note that FreeSurfer did not complete the cross-sectional stream for one participant (ID=JADNI0563, at 18 months) and the longitudinal stream for two participants (ID=JADNI0048, at 24 months and ID=JADNI0602, at 6 months).

ApoE genotyping

Of the 537 participants, 534 agreed to blood sampling for ApoE genotyping. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a QIAamp DNA Blood Maxi Kit (Qiagen, Dusseldorf, Germany) and was examined fluorometrically using a PicoGreen dsDNA quantification kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). ApoE genotyping of all samples was determined by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and was confirmed by DNA sequencing. SNP genotyping of individual samples was done using an ABI PRISM 7900HT instrument using TaqMan technology. TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Sequencing was carried out by direct cycle sequencing with an ABI 3100 sequencer and a BigDye Terminator v3.1 kit (Applied Biosystems) using the following primers: C19APOE001-F (sense 5-GCCTACAAAT CGGAACTGGA-3) and C19APOE001-R (antisense 5-ACCTGCTCCT TCACCTCGT-3).

ApoE2 may protect against AD development [51]. In fact, when ApoE3/3 carriers have a reference odds ratio of 1.0, the odds ratio for AD development for ApoE2/4 carriers is 2.4, with its 95% confidence interval including the value 1.0 (0.4 to 15.4); in contrast, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for AD development for ApoE3/4 carriers and ApoE4/4 carriers are 5.6 (3.9 to 8.0) and 33.1 (13.6 to 80.5) in Japanese subjects, respectively [52]. However, in the present study, the frequency of ApoE2/4 carriers was very small: 1.3% both for AD and CN participants while no MCI individuals were carriers (Table 1). Therefore, we regarded ApoE2/4 carriers as ApoE4 carriers.

Statistical analyses

We used sample size estimation to evaluate the neuropsychological examination scores (CDR-SB, ADAS-Cog (the modified 13-item version) [13], and MMSE) and the measures from serial MRI using KN-BSI. Statistical analyses were separately performed for the MRI brain atrophy measures and cognitive measures. At each visit, if an MPRAGE scan was judged not to be suitable for image analysis at quality control assessments (e.g., due to gross motion artifacts) or the image processing resulted in failure, only cognitive measures at the same visit of the same participant were included in the statistical analysis (Fig. 1). Please note that cognitive measures were obtained at every visit for all participants. Adopting a previous method [25], we considered two-arm and equal allocation trials for a hypotheticalAD-modifying treatment versus placebo with the scores and above measures as the longitudinal outcomes and with two durations, 1 year and 2 years. In this setting, we calculated sample sizes to detect a 25% reduction in the mean rate of change (annual change) in the outcomes during the trial period with 80% power and a two-sided significance level of 5% with and without comparison to normal aging.

Flow diagram showing the inclusion and exclusion of atrophy measures and cognitive measures in the statistical analyses.

The power analysis is based on a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts and slopes. Let Yij be the longitudinal outcome for the i-th subject and j-th measurement time and tj be the j-th measurement time in year, then our model is considered as follows:

Yijβ0β1tjα0α1tjɛij

where β0 and β1 are a fixed intercept and slope, respectively, α0 and α1 are a random intercept and slope, respectively, assuming bivariate normal distribution, and ij is the error term with a normal distribution and mean equal and variance σ2ɛ. In the power analysis, among the parameters in the bivariate normal distribution for α0 and α1, we used only the variance of the random slope α1, which was denoted as σ2s. This model was applied to data for one-diseased subjects (e.g., AD) and estimated the annual change denoted by ˆβ1 and its variation represented by estimators ˆσ2s and ˆσ2ɛ. These estimators were considered as for the placebo group and the 25% reduction in the annual change in the active group was determined by Δ=0.25ˆβ1 and the same variation between the active and placebo groups was assumed. Compared with normal aging, Δ=0.25(ˆβ1−ˆβN), where ˆβN is the estimated slope from normal subjects. Namely, the treatment effect size of interest Δ was set to 25% of the mean rate of change seen in the AD or MCI participants when normal aging was not controlled, whereas the treatment effect size was set to 25% of the mean rate of change seen in the AD or MCI participants minus that seen in the CN participants. Thus, we used the following formula for the sample size with the significance level α and the power 1 - β provided by [53, 54]:

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Saga Power ID Editor 1.02 serial key or number

Windows 10

"Windows 9" redirects here. For the series of Windows produced from 1995 to 2000, see Windows 9x. For the Windows version between Windows 8 and Windows 10, see Windows 8.1.
This article is about the operating system for personal computers. For the related operating system for mobile devices, see Windows 10 Mobile.
personal computer operating system by Microsoft released in 2015
A version of the Windows NT operating system
DeveloperMicrosoft
Written in
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Source model
Released to
manufacturing
July 15, 2015; 5 years ago (2015-07-15)
General
availability
July 29, 2015; 5 years ago (2015-07-29)
Latest release2004 (10.0.19041.508) (September 8, 2020; 17 days ago (2020-09-08)[5]) [±]
Latest previewDev Channel (10.0.20221) (September 23, 2020; 2 days ago (2020-09-23)[6]) [±]
Marketing targetPersonal computing
Available in110 languages[7][8] (Specific language packs included on the device depend on the mobile operator (for cellular connected devices) or device manufacturer. Additional language packs are available for download on the Microsoft Store, pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support.)
Update method
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, ARMv7,[9][10]ARM64[11][12][13]
Kernel typeHybrid (Windows NT)
UserlandWindows API
.NET Framework
Universal Windows Platform
Windows Subsystem for Linux
Default user interfaceWindows shell (Graphical)
LicenseTrialware,[14]Microsoft Software Assurance, MSDN subscription, Microsoft Imagine
Preceded byWindows 8.1 (2013)
Official websitewindows.com
Support status
All editions except LTSB and LTSC:
  • Versions 1709, 1803, 1809, 1903, 1909 & 2004 are supported.[15]
  • A device may not be able to receive updates if the device hardware is incompatible, lacks current drivers or otherwise outside of the OEM period. Not all features in an update will work on the devices. A device also needs to have the latest update to remain supported.[16]
2015 LTSB:
  • Mainstream support until October 13, 2020
  • Extended support until October 14, 2025[17]
2016 LTSB:
  • Mainstream support until October 12, 2021
  • Extended support until October 13, 2026[17]
2019 LTSC:

Windows 10 is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft and released as part of its Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the successor to Windows 8.1, released nearly two years earlier, and was released to manufacturing on July 15, 2015, and broadly released for the general public on July 29, 2015.[18] Windows 10 was made available for download via MSDN and Technet, and as a free upgrade for retail copies of Windows 8 and Windows RT users via the Windows Store. Windows 10 receives new builds on an ongoing basis, which are available at no additional cost to users, in addition to additional test builds of Windows 10, which are available to Windows Insiders. Devices in enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace, or use long-term support milestones that only receive critical updates, such as security patches, over their ten-year lifespan of extended support.[19][20]

One of Windows 10's most notable features is its support for universal apps, an expansion of the Metro-style first introduced in Windows 8. Universal apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code‍—‌including PCs, tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Mixed Reality. The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a mouse-oriented interface and a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available input devices‍—‌particularly on 2-in-1 PCs, both interfaces include an updated Start menu which incorporates elements of Windows 7's traditional Start menu with the tiles of Windows 8. Windows 10 also introduced the Microsoft Edgeweb browser, a virtual desktop system, a window and desktop management feature called Task View, support for fingerprint and face recognition login, new security features for enterprise environments, and DirectX 12.

Windows 10 received mostly positive reviews upon its original release. Critics praised Microsoft's decision to provide a desktop-oriented interface in line with previous versions of Windows, contrasting the tablet-oriented approach of Windows 8, although Windows 10's touch-oriented user interface mode was criticized for containing regressions upon the touch-oriented interface of its predecessor. Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10's bundled software over Windows 8.1, Xbox Live integration, as well as the functionality and capabilities of the Cortana personal assistant and the replacement of Internet Explorer with Edge. However, media outlets have been critical of changes to operating system behaviors, including mandatory update installation, privacy concerns over data collection performed by the OS for Microsoft and its partners, and adware-esque tactics used to promote the operating system on its release.[21]

Microsoft initially aimed to have Windows 10 installed on over a billion devices within three years of its release;[19] that goal was ultimately reached almost five years later on March 16, 2020.[22] By January 2018, Windows 10 surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide;[23] and by May 2020, Windows 10 surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows in China.[24] As of August 2020, it is estimated that 73% of Windows PCs are running Windows 10,[23] with that figure being 57% of all PCs (including Mac/Linux) and 26% of all devices (including mobile, tablet and console).[25][26]

Development[edit]

At the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference in 2011, Andrew Lees, the chief of Microsoft's mobile technologies, said that the company intended to have a single software ecosystem for PCs, phones, tablets, and other devices: "We won't have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, and one for tablets‍—‌they'll all come together."[27][28]

In December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed "Threshold", after a planet in its Halo franchise.[29] Similarly to "Blue" (which became Windows 8.1),[30] Foley called Threshold a "wave of operating systems" across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, scheduled for the second quarter of 2015. He also stated that one of the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One (which all use a similar Windows NT kernel).[29][31]

At the Build Conference in April 2014, Microsoft's Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8.1 (build 9697) that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows and a more traditional Start menu in place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7's design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column. The second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that these changes would occur in a future update, but did not elaborate.[32][33] Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a "universal Windows app", allowing Windows Store apps created for Windows 8.1 to be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase, with an interface designed for different device form factors, and allowing user data and licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs.[32][34][35][36]

Screenshots of a Windows build purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014, showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps,[37] followed by a further screenshot of a build identifying itself as "Windows Technical Preview" , numbered 9834, in September 2014, showing a new virtual desktop system, a notification center, and a new File Explorer icon.[38]

Announcement[edit]

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft officially announced that Threshold would be unveiled during a media event as Windows 10, Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most comprehensive platform ever", providing a single, unified platform for desktop and laptop computers, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices.[39][40][41] He emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve the experience for users on non-touch devices, noting criticism of Windows 8's touch-oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users.[42][43] Despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-optimized interface would evolve as well on 10.[44]

In regards to Microsoft naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9, Terry Myerson said that "based on the product that's coming, and just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn't be right to call it Windows 9."[45] He also joked that they could not call it "Windows One" (alluding to several recent Microsoft products with a similar brand, such as OneDrive, OneNote, and Xbox One) because Windows 1.0 already existed.[46] At a San Francisco conference in October 2014, Tony Prophet, Microsoft's Vice President of Windows Marketing, said that Windows 9 "came and went", and that Windows 10 would not be "an incremental step from Windows 8.1," but "a material step. We're trying to create one platform, one eco-system that unites as many of the devices [sic] from the small embedded Internet of Things, through tablets, through phones, through PCs and, ultimately, into the Xbox."[47]

Further details surrounding Windows 10's consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21, 2015, entitled "Windows 10: The Next Chapter". The keynote featured the unveiling of Cortana integration within the operating system, new Xbox-oriented features, Windows 10 Mobile, an updated Office Mobile suite, Surface Hub‍—‌a large-screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration based upon Perceptive Pixel technology,[48] along with HoloLens‑augmented reality eyewear and an associated platform for building apps that can render holograms through HoloLens.[49]

Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the "Universal Windows Platform" concept were revealed and discussed during Microsoft's Build developers' conference. Among them were the unveiling of "Islandwood", which provides a middlewaretoolchain for compiling Objective-C-based software (particularly iOS) to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. A port of Candy Crush Saga made using the toolkit, which shared much of its code with the iOS version, was demonstrated, alongside the announcement that the King-developed game would be bundled with Windows 10 at launch.[50][51][52][53]

Release[edit]

On June 1, 2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29, that year.[18] On July 20, 2015 Microsoft began "Upgrade Your World", an advertising campaign centering on Windows 10, with the premiere of television commercials in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The commercials focused on the tagline "A more human way to do", emphasizing new features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more "personal" experience to users.[54][55] The campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, 2015, which celebrated "the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10".[56]

Features[edit]

Windows 10 makes its user experience and functionality more consistent between different classes of device, and addresses most of the shortcomings in the user interface that were introduced in Windows 8.[42][43][57]Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shared some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart.[58]

The Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform (UWP).[34][59][60] These universal apps are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles, and other compatible Windows 10 devices. Windows apps share code across platforms, have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs, can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices (including notifications, credentials, and allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games), and are distributed through Microsoft Store (rebranded from Windows Store since September 2017).[61] Developers can allow "cross-buys", where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user's compatible devices, rather than only the one they purchased on (e.g., a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no extra cost).[35][62][63]

On Windows 10, Microsoft Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, video content, and ebooks.[64] Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software (using either Win32 or .NET Framework) to be packaged for distribution on Microsoft Store. Desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing.[65][66]

User interface and desktop[edit]

The "Task View" display is a new feature to Windows 10, allowing the use of multiple workspaces.

A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode.[42][57][67] A new virtual desktop system was added. A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces.[42][57] Universal apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs.[42][57] Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist").[57] Windows' system icons were also changed.[67]

Charms have been removed; their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their title bar.[42][57] In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices.[58][67] The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.[68][69]

Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a "Tablet mode" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a 2-in-1 PC is switched to its laptop state. In Tablet mode, programs default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs by default; Task View is used instead to switch between programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.[43][70][71][72]

System security[edit]

Windows 10 incorporates multi-factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance.[73] The operating system includes improved support for biometric authentication through the Windows Hello platform. Devices with supported cameras (requiring infrared illumination, such as Intel RealSense) allow users to log in with iris or face recognition, similarly to Kinect. Devices with supported readers allow users to log in through fingerprint recognition. Support was also added for palm-vein scanning through a partnership with Fujitsu in February 2018.[74] Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric encryption.[75]

In addition to biometric authentication, Windows Hello supports authentication with a PIN. By default, Windows requires a PIN to consist of four digits, but can be configured to permit more complex PINs. However, a PIN is not a simpler password. While passwords are transmitted to domain controllers, PINs are not. They are tied to one device, and if compromised, only one device is affected. Backed by a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip, Windows uses PINs to create strong asymmetric key pairs. As such, the authentication token transmitted to the server is harder to crack. In addition, whereas weak passwords may be broken via rainbow tables, TPM causes the much-simpler Windows PINs to be resilient to brute-force attacks.[76]

When Windows 10 was first introduced, multi-factor authentication was provided by two components: Windows Hello and Passport (not to be confused with the Passport platform of 1998). Later, Passport was merged into Windows Hello.[77][75]

The enterprise edition of Windows 10 offers additional security features; administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data, selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data, and enable Device Guard‍—‌a system which allows administrators to enforce a high-security environment by blocking the execution of software that is not digitally signed by a trusted vendor or Microsoft. Device Guard is designed to protect against zero-day exploits, and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself.[73][78]

Command line[edit]

Windows Console windows (for both PowerShell and the legacy Command Prompt) can now be resized without any restrictions, can be made to cover the full screen by pressing +, and can use standard keyboard shortcuts, such as those for cut, copy, and paste. Other features such as word wrap and transparency were also added. These functions can be disabled to revert to the legacy console if needed.[79]

Bash running on Windows 10

The Anniversary Update adds Windows Subsystem for Linux, which allows the installation of a user space environment from a supported Linuxdistribution that runs natively on Windows. The subsystem translates Linux system calls to those of the Windows NT kernel. The environment can execute the Bash shell and 64-bit command line programs. Windows applications cannot be executed from the Linux environment, and vice versa. Linux distributions for Windows Subsystem for Linux are obtained through Microsoft Store. The feature initially supported an Ubuntu-based environment; Microsoft announced in May 2017 that it would add Fedora and OpenSUSE environment options as well.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86]

Storage requirements[edit]

To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 automatically compresses system files. The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32-bit systems and 2.6 GB for 64-bit systems. The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs, which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead, making a separate recovery partition redundant, allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation, and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB. These functions replace the WIMBoot mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update, which allowed OEMs to configure low-capacity devices with flash-based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery.[87][88][89] Windows 10 also includes a function in its Settings app that allows users to view a breakdown of how their device's storage capacity is being used by different types of files, and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default.[90]

Online services and functionality[edit]

Windows 10 introduces Microsoft Edge, a new default web browser. It initially featured a new standards-compliant rendering engine derived from Trident, and also includes annotation tools and integration with other Microsoft platforms present within Windows 10.[91][92][93] Internet Explorer 11 is maintained on Windows 10 for compatibility purposes, but is deprecated in favor of Edge and will no longer be actively developed.[94][95] In January 2020, the initial version of Edge was succeeded by a new iteration derived from the Chromium project and the Blink layout engine and the old EdgeHTML-based Edge is now called 'Microsoft Edge Legacy'. The legacy version of Edge is currently being replaced by the new Chromium-based Edge via Windows Update. It can also be downloaded manually. In both the cases, it will replace the old Edge. Every Windows 10 version greater than 20H2, which will be released in late 2020, will come with the new version of the browser preinstalled.[96]

Windows 10 incorporates a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons, which can be hidden or condensed to a single button.[97][98] Previous versions featured Microsoft's intelligent personal assistant Cortana, which was first introduced with Windows Phone 8.1 in 2014, and supports both text and voice input. Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone, including integration with Bing, setting reminders, a Notebook feature for managing personal information, as well as searching for files, playing music, launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails.[99][100][67] Since the November 2019 update, Microsoft has begun to downplay Cortana as part of a repositioning of the product towards enterprise use, with the May 2020 update removing its Windows shell integration and consumer-oriented features.[101][102][103][104]

Microsoft Family Safety is replaced by Microsoft Family, a parental controls system that applies across Windows platforms and Microsoft online services. Users can create a designated family, and monitor and restrict the actions of users designated as children, such as access to websites, enforcing age ratings on Microsoft Store purchases, and other restrictions. The service can also send weekly e-mail reports to parents detailing a child's computer usage. Unlike previous versions of Windows, child accounts in a family must be associated with a Microsoft account‍—‌which allows these settings to apply across all Windows 10 devices that a particular child is using.[105][106]

Windows 10 also offers the Wi-Fi Sense feature originating from Windows Phone 8.1; users can optionally have their device automatically connect to suggested open hotspots, and share their home network's password with contacts (either via Skype, People, or Facebook) so they may automatically connect to the network on a Windows 10 device without needing to manually enter its password. Credentials are stored in an encrypted form on Microsoft servers and sent to the devices of the selected contacts. Passwords are not viewable by the guest user, and the guest user is not allowed to access other computers or devices on the network. Wi-Fi Sense is not usable on 802.1X-encrypted networks. Adding "_optout" at the end of the SSID will also block the corresponding network from being used for this feature.[107]

Universal calling and messaging apps for Windows 10 are built in as of the November 2015 update: Messaging, Skype Video, and Phone. These offer built-in alternatives to the Skype download and sync with Windows 10 Mobile.[108][109]

Multimedia and gaming[edit]

Windows 10 provides heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem. Xbox SmartGlass is succeeded by the Xbox Console Companion (formerly the Xbox app), which allows users to browse their game library (including both PC and Xbox console games), and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut, allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live, OneDrive, or elsewhere.[110][111] Windows 10 also allows users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network.[112] The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps, and future wireless Xbox One accessories, such as controllers, are supported on Windows with an adapter.[113] Microsoft also intends to allow cross-buys and save synchronization between Xbox One and Windows 10 versions of games; Microsoft Studios games such as ReCore and Quantum Break are intended as being exclusive to Windows 10 and Xbox One.[114]

Candy Crush Saga and Microsoft Solitaire Collection are also automatically installed upon installation of Windows 10.[115][116]

Windows 10 adds native game recording and screenshot capture ability using the newly introduced game bar. Users can also have the OS continuously record gameplay in the background, which then allows the user to save the last few moments of gameplay to the storage device.[117]

Windows 10 adds FLAC and HEVC codecs and support for the Matroska media container, allowing these formats to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications.[118][119][120]

DirectX 12[edit]

Windows 10 includes DirectX 12, alongside WDDM 2.0.[121][122] Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX 12 aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead.[123][124] Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low-level programming, which allow developers to use resources more efficiently and reduce single-threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs.[125][126] DirectX 12 will also feature support for vendor agnostic multi-GPU setups.[127] WDDM 2.0 introduces a new virtual memory management and allocation system to reduce workload on the kernel-mode driver.[121][128]

Fonts[edit]

Windows 10 adds three new default typefaces to Windows 8, but removes dozens of others. The removed typefaces are available in supplemental packs and may be added manually over a non-metered internet connection.

Default fonts

The following font families are included by default in the Desktop edition of Windows 10, if the language installation uses the Latin script (as English does). Most continue from Windows 8, though they may have been modified. New font families introduced with Windows 10 are marked by asterisks.[129]

  • Latin script, or Latin/Greek/Cyrillic: Arial v. 7.00, Arial Black v. 5.23, *Bahnschrift v. 2.01, Calibri v. 6.22, Cambria v. 6.99, Cambria Math v. 6.99, Candara v. 5.63, Comic Sans MS v. 5.14, Consolas v. 7.00, Constantia v. 5.93, Corbel v. 5.90, Courier New v. 6.92, Franklin Gothic Medium v. 5.02, Gabriola v. 5.93, Georgia v. 5.59, Impact v. 5.11, *Ink Free v. 1.00, Lucida Console v. 5.01, Lucida Sans Unicode v. 5.01, Marlett v. 5.01, Microsoft Sans Serif v. 7.00, Palatino Linotype v. 5.03, *Segoe MDL2 Assets v. 1.68, Segoe Print v. 5.04, Segoe Script v. 5.02, Segoe UI v. 5.60, Segoe UI Emoji v. 1.27, Sitka v. 1.12, Tahoma v. 7.00, Times New Roman v. 7.00, Trebuchet MS v. 5.15, Verdana v. 5.33
  • African scripts (various): Ebrima v. 5.12
  • ancient scripts (various): Segoe UI Historic v. 1.03
  • Armenian, Georgian & Ethiopic: Sylfaen v. 5.06
  • Burmese: Myanmar Text v. 1.18
  • Cherokee: Gadugi v. 1.12
  • Chinese (simplified): Microsoft YaHei v. 6.23, SimSun v. 5.16, SimSun-ExtB v. 5.03
  • Chinese (traditional): Microsoft JhengHei v. 6.14
  • Indian scripts (various): Nirmala UI v. 1.37
  • Japanese: Yu Gothic v. 1.90 (*additional font weights)
  • Javanese: Javanese Text v. 1.09
  • Korean: Malgun Gothic v. 6.68
  • Maldivian: MV Boli v. 6.84
  • Mongolian: Mongolian Baiti v. 5.53
  • Phagspa: Microsoft PhagsPa v. 6.00
  • Tibetan: Microsoft Himalaya v. 5.23
  • Tai scripts: *Microsoft New Tai Lue v. 5.99, Microsoft Tai Le v. 6.00
  • Yi (Lolo): Microsoft Yi Baiti v. 6.00
  • Symbols: Segoe UI Symbol v. 6.23, Symbol v. 5.01, Webdings v. 5.01, Wingdings v. 5.01

Much of the language support covered by Segoe UI in Windows 8 was moved to Segoe UI Historic for Windows 10.

Optional fonts

The following supplemental font families are installed along with a corresponding language package, or may be installed manually. All but a few of them were included as default fonts in Windows 8, but are uninstalled upon upgrading to Windows 10.[130] New font families introduced with Windows 10 are marked by asterisks.

  • Arabic: Aldhabi v. 6.84, Andalus v. 6.84, Arabic Typesetting v. 6.84, Microsoft Uighur v. 7.00, Sakkal Majalla v. 6.86, Simplified Arabic v. 6.98, Traditional Arabic v. 6.84, Urdu Typesetting v. 6.86
  • Bangla: Shonar Bangla v. 6.90, Vrinda v. 6.90
  • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: Euphemia v. 5.08
  • Cherokee: Plantagenet Cherokee v. 5.09
  • Devanagari: Aparajita v. 6.90, Kokila v. 6.90, Mangal v. 6.90, *Sanskrit Text v. 1.00, Utsaah v. 6.90
  • Ethiopic: Nyala v. 5.04
  • Gujarati: Shruti v. 6.90
  • Gurmukhi: Raavi v. 6.90
  • Chinese (Simplified): *DengXian v. 1.17, FangSong v. 5.01, KaiTi v. 5.01, SimHei v. 5.03
  • Chinese (Traditional): DFKai-SB v. 5.01, MingLiU v. 7.03, MingLiU-ExtB v. 7.02
  • Hebrew: Aharoni Bold v. 6.01, David v. 6.01, FrankRuehl v. 6.01, Gisha v. 6.01, Levenim MT v. 6.01, Miriam v. 6.01, Narkisim v. 6.01, Rod v. 6.01
  • Japanese: BIZ UDGothic v. 2.00, BIZ UDMincho Medium v. 2.00, Meiryo v. 6.50, Meiryo UI v. 6.30, MS Gothic v. 5.30, MS Mincho v. 5.30, *UD Digi Kyokasho v. 2.00, Yu Mincho v. 1.90
  • Kannada: Tunga v. 6.90
  • Khmer: DaunPenh v. 5.05, Khmer UI v. 5.05, MoolBoran v. 5.05
  • Korean: Batang v. 5.02, Dotum v. 5.03, Gulim v. 5.03, Gungsuh v. 5.02
  • Lao: DokChampa v. 5.06, Lao UI v. 5.06
  • Malayalam: Kartika
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