20.09.2019
King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

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King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

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Chun-Li 

Characteristics

Height

5'5" (165 cm)[4]
5'6½" (169 cm)[5]

Hair color

Light Brown (Alpha series)
Black

Measurements

Personal

Fighting style

Likes

Crepes, fruits, candy[2], Western confectionery[1][5], her father, Ryu, Ken, Cammy, Guile, Li-Fen

Occupation

Rival(s)

Vega, Crimson Viper, M. Bison, Balrog, Juri, Urien, Birdie, Gen, Zangief, Dan, Sodom, Yun, Guile (Friendly), Cammy (Friendly), Sakura (Friendly), Ken (Friendly), Ryu (Friendly), Charlie Nash (friendly), Rashid (friendly), F.A.N.G, Mai Shiranui (CvS), Ryuji Yamazaki (CvS), Jun the Swan, (TvC) Li Xiangfei (SvC Rivals), Felicia (SGEMF), Asuka Kazama, Lili (SFxTK), Captain America (Marvel vs Capcom Infinite) (friendly), Dante (Marvel vs Capcom Infinite) (friendly)

Moveset

Hyakuretsukyaku, Kikoken, Hazanshu, Spinning Bird Kick, Tenshokyaku, Sou Hakkei, Sen'en Shuu, Rankyaku, Renkiko, OyokukyakuΩ, Hishou Shuu (SFTM), Tenshin Enbu (SvC: Chaos), Kikoanken (UMvC3), Hishou Kyaku (Pocket Fighter), Hienshu (SFEX), Senretsukyaku, Hazan Tenshou Kyaku, Kikosho, Shichisei Senkuu Kyaku, Hoyokusen, Tensei Ranka, Hosenka, Kikou Hou'ou Ken (SFTM), Rinkaishou (Pocket Fighter), Hazan Hishou Kyaku (Pocket Fighter), Shichisei Ranka (MvC3), Kikosho Goku (SFEX)

Behind-The-Scene

Japanese voice actor(s)

Eri Nakamura (Street Fighter II)
Yumi Touma (Street Fighter II drama CDs, Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation)
Miki Fujitani (Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie)
Chisa Yokoyama (Street Fighter II V, Street Fighter Zero Gaiden drama CD)
Yuko Miyamura (Street Fighter Alpha series, Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo, Street Fighter EX series, Marvel vs. Capcom series (up to MvC2), Pocket Fighter)
Atsuko Tanaka (Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike, Namco x Capcom)
Michiko Neya (Capcom vs. SNK series)
Mari Jitsukawa (SNK vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos)
Fumiko Orikasa (Tatsunoko vs. Capcom, Street Fighter IV, Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Street Fighter X Tekken, Project X Zone, Project X Zone 2, Street Fighter V, Teppen)
"I am the strongest woman in the world!"
—Chun-Li (Street Fighter II)
"You ready for this? (覚悟はいいわね？,Kakugo wa ii wa ne??)"
—Chun-Li (Street Fighter IV series)
"Want to see my Kung-Fu? I'll show you.
(私のクンフー、 見せてあげる！,Watashi no kunfū, misete ageru!?)"
—Chun-Li (Street Fighter V)

Chun-Li (春麗 or チュンリー,Shunrei or Chunrī?, Simplified Chinese: 春丽) is the main female protagonist of the Street Fighter series, originally debuting in Street Fighter II. The first female fighter in the series, she is an expert martial artist and Interpol officer who relentlessly seeks revenge for the death of her father at the hands of M. Bison.

Biography

Name

Chun-Li's name is Mandarin for "spring beauty" (春 chūn, "spring"; 麗 lì, "beautiful"). It is properly romanized as Chunli in pinyin and pronounced "Chuen-lee", despite westerners commonly pronouncing it as "Chuhn-lee". The Japanese on'yomi reading of the name is Shunrei.

Older official sources from the early 90's indicate Chung was Chun-Li's surname, although it is worth noting this could very well not be the case anymore. In the live-action Street Fighter movie, Chun-Li was given the surname Zang/Xiang, but Capcom has not officially recognized it. Several Japanese drama CDs and novels created based on the series have given her surname as both "Feng" (楓,"Feng"?) and "Wang" (王,"Wang"?), though these are also not officially recognized by Capcom.

Appearance

Chun-Li's appearance has differed several times in the Street Fighter series, as well as in official art and cameos she has made in other works. She is known for her very muscular thighs.

Clothing

Chun-Li wears a qipao, a Chinese dress imported over from Manchuria that became popular among girls during the early 20th century. Her outfit is modified to allow a far wider range of movement than a normal qipao. She also wears white combat/boxing boots of varying height (around calf-length in games such as the Street Fighter II series and older vs. Capcom titles, or around knee-high in games based around her 3rd Strike sprite) and a blue leotard with dark brown sheer pantyhose and a blue thong underneath with her qipao. Her qipao is blue with golden accents. She was originally supposed to wear a peach-colored qipao, as seen in her in-game profile and ending in the original Street Fighter II. Large spiked bracelets, whose ring is black steel and spikes are white/chrome polished steel are worn on both arms. According to supplementary materials, she wears the qipao in honor of her late mother, who passed away in her early childhood and whose only photo showed her in a qipao similar to her daughter's. The spiked metal bracelets she is known to wear are made of iron, and weigh approximately 7-10 kg (15-22 lbs) each. Chun-Li also wears them to help tone and exercise her body; the qipao is fitted with weights to help build body strength and finesse, while her bracelets are for the purpose of balancing her body when performing her kicking moves, including helping stabilize her center of gravity during a Hyakuretsukyaku and limit her during supers such as the Senretsukyaku to avoid overexerting her muscles. The spikes are also used for the purpose of intimidation. [10]

During the period covered in Street Fighter Alpha, she wore an embroidered vest, unitard and athletic shoes, as well as studded wristbands. It is somewhat unclear why she chose to stop using this outfit and switch to the qipao in subsequent Street Fighter games; materials state that this was worn during her days as an active detective for comfort.[10] In the Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation movie, her vest has changed to red instead of blue. Her Alpha costume became her "Nostalgia" costume in Street Fighter V.

In Street Fighter II V, Chun-Li has seen wearing casual outfits throughout the episodes, including a red sleeveless v-neck qipao with a blue obi and it's ribbons are hanging loose at the right side, red Chinese pants, black Chinese shoes, her hair is tied in a high ponytail adorned with a long blue laced ribbon and a yellow formal sleeveless short dress adorned with orange lined ribbons (which resembles a skirt at the back), pink panties underneath and yellow open toed flats. When she was brainwashed, she wore her primary outfit but with minor changes, the color of her qipao is light blue with white accents, the front and back skirt are short instead of long, her brown pantyhose is replaced with blue kneepads and her hair is let loose.

In Street Fighter IV, Chun-Li's alternate outfit consists of a black sleeveless evening gown with gold accents at the bottom. She wears a black and gold sash held by a red rope-like belt. The outfit is completed with red shoes, gold earrings and black and gold bracelets. The outfit resembles the clothes she wore in one of the episodes in the cartoon series.

In various official art, she has also been shown in her police outfit, as well as (presumably) her favorite casual attire: a varsity-style jacket, T-shirt, jeans and white tennis shoes. It has been shown in some official art that when wearing her casual attire she also wears her Alpha wristbands.

In Street Fighter V, her first alternate costume is the sleeveless evening gown from Street Fighter IV and her hair is now loose. Her second is her police uniform, which is also paired with white featureless boots akin to her prior signature ones. In all of her costumes She's shown with bright lipstick and enchanting eyeshadow around her eyes.

She gains new alterations of her main outfit and her police uniform; Her main outfit is similar to the one she wore in Street Fighter II V but in a sleeveless modified qipao with gold decorations and she wears black thigh-high socks and sneakers instead of kneepads and boots.

Her police uniform is her disguise form in Pocket Fighter as color of her outfit is indigo and her top now shows her midriff with the black mini vest and the sign "Police" on front and her pants and boots are black. She no longer wears a beret and her hair is tied in unadorned ox-horns.

Altogether, Chun-Li has the most costumes in Street Fighter V, excluding the Easter-Egg variations, marketing costumes, and player-exclusive costumes.

  • Default: Chun-Li's iconic blue qipao with golden accents, white combat boots, brown leggings, and spiked bracelets.
    • The Red Bull version of this costume is grayish-white.The Red Bull logo is embroidered on her chest
    • The Suzaku/Crimson color of this costume was exclusively awarded to FGC Player YamadaTaro for winning the RAGE Master League in 2017[11]. This version is red with gold accents, and red boots with no leggings underneath.
  • Story: Chun-Li's police officer uniform when she was a rookie cop, with a light-blue collared uniform shirt, blue pants, white boots, and utility belt with a speaker microphone clipped to the top of her shirt.
  • Battle: Chun-Li's dress returns with some modifications, including her hair let down, a red tassel clipping her gold sash wrapped around her waist, white flat shoes, and white and gold spiked bracelets.
  • Swimsuit: The first of Chun-Li's swimsuit costumes. She wears a cascade-blue two piece, with jade bracelets on her wrists, and sunglasses on her head. Her ponytail hairstyle is held up with a long gold pin. Chun-Li wears heavy heeled beach sandals, with an ocean-blue and gold pareo wrapping around her waist.
    • The Easter Egg version of this costume removes the pareo
  • B-Girl: The B-Girl costume has Chun-Li wearing a dark mink coat over a crimson-red bikini top that matches her hair, which is tied in a long ponytail. Chun-Li's beige pants has the SFV logo on her buttcheek, with dark heels on the bottom.
    • The Easter Egg version loses the mink coat
  • CPT: A scarlet cut dress, with brown leggings, and heels.Her hair is tied in a pony tail. And she wears a feather boa on her shoulders.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the feather boa
  • School Uniform: Chun-Li's school uniform consists of a white jacket with gold accents, a blue knee-length skirt with gold trim, brown leggings, and black heels. Chun-Li has her hair tied up in pigtails, held up with a gold headband with a flower. She completes the look with glasses on her face.
    • The Easter Egg version has Chun-Li's hair let down.
  • Professional: Chun-Li's officewear included a dark blazer over a white blouse. Underneath her gray skirt are dark leggings and black stilettos. Chun-Li wears her hair in a bun, and wears framed glasses.
    • The Easter Egg version loses the blazer, and her hair is let down in a long pony tail.
  • Vacation: The second of Chun-Li's swimsuit costumes. Chun-Li has her hair tied in ox horns with blue ribbons, with a blue flower in her hair. Chun-Li's two-piece base color is ocean blue, with sand-color accents. Her waist is wrapped with a shorter pareo that matches her bikini. Finally, blue, open-toed, flat sandals are worn on her feet.
    • The Easter Egg version loses the pareo, revealing a full two-piece swimsuit for Chun-Li.
  • Pajamas: Chun-Li's pajama costume starts with croc-like shoes on her feet, and a pink apron wrapping around her short pink shorts. The top is of a Chinese lingerie.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the apron.
  • Undercover Cop: Another version of Chun-Li's police officer uniforms. She wears a grey hoodie underneath a tight, purple, leather jacket. Chun-Li wears her hair in a ponytail. She keeps a sidearm holstered to the hip of her jeans, with sneakers on the bottom.
    • The Easter Egg version removes both the leather jacket and hoodie, leaving her only in a sleeveless crop top.
  • Nostalgia: Chun-Li's Alpha costume is renamed Nostalgia. She retains most of her Alpha look with the blue leotard, blue vest, and athletic shoes. The big difference is that she wears a pair of dark blue finger-less sparing gloves on her hands.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the embroidered vest, finger-less gloves, and hair ribbons and has a yellow jacket tied around her waist.
    • The Onitsuka Tiger version gives Chun-Li a different version of her shoes with the Onitsuka Tiger wording on the outer thigh of her unitard.
  • Special Forces: Another police-themed costume, Chun-Li is decked out with tactical gear on most of her body, including a tactical visor on her head, a bullet-proof vest covering her chest over an indigo collared shirt, and pads on her elbows, thighs, knees, and shins, and finally finger-less gloves.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the bulletproof vest.
  • Training: Training almost combines the look of the Battle Dress, the style of her Default, with a touch of sporty as seen with her sparring gloves, as well as athletic shoes, over her leggings covered with leg pads.The pattern of her Default nearly matches the one on her training, with a darker blue base and gold accents.
    • The Easter Egg version has Chun-Li's hair let down
  • Covert Operations: Another take on Chun-Li's Battle costume, with a more elegant flair to it, the the gold designs bringing out more than the base black. She wears more accessories on her arms, and a boa rests on Chun-Li's arms during combat. And her shoes are of open-toed heels instead of flats.
    • The Easter Egg version loses the boa
  • Wedding: One of the many costumes designed by Akiman. Chun-Li's wedding costume has been outfitted to allow the use of her legs while kicking. A garter is worn around Chun-Li's left thigh.It comes complete with two flower veils worn on her ox horn hairstyle, long gloves, and white heels.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the veil
  • June: Chun-Li wears the costume of June Lin Milliam of Capcom's Star Gladiator series.
    • Perhaps an Easter Egg of its own, Chun-Li once wore her outfit and mimicked June in Pocket Fighter. The Easter Egg version for Chun-Li's outfit changes her hair from June's style back to Chun-Li's signature ox horn style, without the ox horn bun covers and instead with an extension.
  • Morrigan: The classic look of one of Darkstalker's most famous characters.
    • The Easter Egg version removes the bat wings on her head, and lets her hair fall loosely.
  • Track Suit: A athletic tracksuit that everyone in the Street Fighter cast has. Chun-Li's default color has her sportin blue pants, with white strap-on shoes. Chun-Li's jacket his zipped up half way to see her white undershirt and midriff. She also has the sleeves rolled up, and sweatbands on her wrists.
Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
, King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

CN1110743C - Writing-speeching-meaning coding method and keyboard for inputting Chinese characters therefor - Google Patents

Summary of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of have divine by means of characters simple, writing-speeching-meaning unified, intuitively easily learn, repeated code is few, words compatibility, the encode method for entering Chinese characters that the writing-speeching-meaning that extensibility is strong is unified.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of writing-speeching-meaning encode Chinese characters for computer keyboard with key supporting.

Technical scheme of the present invention is: according to the represented meaning of the radical of Chinese character, be close to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries partially with 238 and be divided into six districts of five big classes, five big classes are: people and bodily fuctions's organ class, the natural phenomena class, animals and plants, agricultural product and fishing shellfish, daily apparatus, instrument and weapon class, measurement and estimation, ruler and other class.Six districts are: the high-frequency digital district, and the people tagma, the natural region, the biotic district, the apparatus district, meter system district, and each district distributes that several are close to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries partially, and be divided into 5 groups or 6 groups successively by the height of frequency of utilization.The present invention has formulated individual character and multiword coding rule in conjunction with the characteristics of Modern Chinese, thereby has realized natural, the efficient and low repeated code of encoding scheme.

Another technical scheme of the present invention is the meaning represented according to radical of Chinese character, accordingly input keyboard is divided into six districts, and they are: a district (high-frequency digital district), 345,678 6 numerical keys; Two districts (people tagma), five English alphabet keys of GFDSA; Three districts (natural region), five English alphabet keys of HJKLM; Four districts (biotic district), five English alphabet keys of TREWQ; Five districts (apparatus district), five English alphabet keys of YUIOP; Six districts (meter system district), six English alphabet keys of NBVCXZ.

The keyboard of each radical correspondence of Chinese character is:

3 treasured (Http, Mi)

Number

4 grass (Lv, European-allies, Ji ， Nian, )

5 hands (Rolling, )

Word

6 water (Rui, Shui)

7 wood (ホ)

The district

8 mouthfuls

G people (Ren) go into and The old (Uu of pawl (Zhao)) Si

The people

F speech (Yan) tooth (Tooth) Jian is the division of labor

The D ear (Fu, Jie, ) order (certainly) body (lonely) bone

Body

The S heart (Xin, ) end by the other factory of tongue Also

District daughter A Foot () is (マ again Fork, an ancient weapon made of bamboo) see (See) mother

(foretell ) rain on H soil (scholar) bag (Bao) gas The centre

From

The J mountain (Cao, ) ten power first, third boat

Right K day (say, ) fork-like farm tool used in ancient China Kai Xinbai

The L month ( With) black cold (slit bamboo or chopped wood, makes the present for Bing, Zhuang) thousand sunset

The district

The M gold (Jin, Jin) by (In-particular, towering, outstanding) field several ( All) sheet and

(Si one for the T silk Si ) Cui ox (Niu ) bird (Wu Birds Ukraine) leather (twenty )

Give birth to

R worm standing grain is the beans pig early Skin

Thing E horse (horse) warp Dog (Quan) sheep ( ) hair (Zhang)

W bamboo () deer fourth (Chu) is walked (Chuo of Chuo Yin) tiger () fierce (Qe, Qian)

The district

Q fish (Fish) rich () three of shellfish (Tony) ( ) river, angle ( San, Chuan ， Huan)

Y five cuttves (Network, Dao, sword) do not return ( Ji ) one

With

U square frame (mouth) clothing (Yi, ) perpendicular (Shu ， Jiu) two people (Chi) are upright

Tool I car (Trucks) bow ware is just cast aside (Pie the ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems , first)

O wide (Tou, six, ) also ( Already) towel is dried presses down (Dian, )

The district

P plumage (giving) (Contraband Shu ) tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches dagger-axe ( Shoot a retrievable arrow penta) arrow second (Off Yin ㄋ Yu)

N king's (jade, main) literary composition (The-Fan, Fan) Wei (Wei) shows (Woo) insect without feet or legs

Meter

B eight (ソ, ， Bo) rice seven (an ancient type of spoons) stay ( ) ancient (accounting for) occasion

V little (, few) door (Jiong Door) (oneself the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches) converts four (Si) jin then (Nie then)

System

C nine (mortar, ball) owe disease (Epileptic) corpse (family, ) the very little last of the twelve Earthly Branches

Big (too) stone page or leaf (Page) of X good ( Blunt) Brazil (Xi)

The district

Z fire (Xiangxi) ghost (Na  is bad) Shen () food (Cannibals food) its narrow-necked earthen jar ( )

Writing-speeching-meaning Chinese character coding method and keyboard thereof are to be close to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries according to the represented meaning of radical of Chinese character partially with 238 to be divided into six districts, layout is on 32 keys of keyboard respectively, form the corresponding relation that is close to partially between radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries and the letter (numeral), thereby reached the coding purpose.

More these characteristics of radical, character, radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries and parts that adopted at present various configuration code methods, the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method also is close to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries according to the meaning of the expression of radical of Chinese character partially with 238 and is divided into the first and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries (radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries in the bracket) of principal part, just formed stratified major-minor relation like this between the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, be convenient to management and memory, reach regular governed purpose.

The writing-speeching-meaning compiling method replaces the same region-position code of all radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries on the same key position with their place keys, and region-position code is a letter or number.

In order to reduce repeated code, the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method has also proposed " similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries ", and similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries are organized on the same key position.This " similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries " are divided into similar two kinds of shape phase Sihe pronunciation.The similar finger of shape when a Chinese character or radical add point, horizontal, vertical, cast aside, just become other Chinese character or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries after pressing down stroke; When reduce point, horizontal, vertical, cast aside, press down stroke after " changes " time original Chinese character or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries again.As: greatly, two words too.Two and two above Chinese characters like this or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries have become in addition (originally) Chinese character or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries when adding after (minimizings) point is cast aside the right-falling stroke stroke anyhow, and they just are called similar Chinese character or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries.Chinese character or radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries that the similar finger pronunciation of pronunciation is close or similar.As plumage (giving), by (outstanding, In-particular), (Shu).The similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries of general designation in the writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number.The introducing of similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries splits Chinese character and becomes very easy, and reduced stroke (average every word hits 3.2 keys).As the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries of following shape: the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries after 1, add some points (Dian):

Greatly: too, the king: main beautiful, crow: bird, several: it is all) In-particular: outstanding,

Cutter: sword, again: fork, the present: order, corpse: the family, Bing: Rui,

Factory: wide, Mi: Http, Woo: Yi, blunt: good, nine: ball, 2, add the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries behind the horizontal stroke ():

Mouthful: day, day: order, an ancient type of spoon: seven, month: and, account for: Gu,

: son, dagger-axe: Jian, the west: the tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches, 3, add the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries after perpendicular (Shu):

On: end the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches: radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries 4 such as crust, add the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries after the left-falling stroke (Pie):

Wood: standing grain, Gu: tongue, ten: thousand, scholar: in the ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems, shoot a retrievable arrow: dagger-axe,

Little: few, ware: blood, 5, the similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries that add after the right-falling stroke are consistent with the situation of adding some points.

According to writing-speeching-meaning compiling method similarity principle, have the part radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries to exclude in 238 radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, as: jin and scold, ten thousand and the side etc.Similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries play the effect aspect three in the writing-speeching-meaning coding.(1) divine by means of characters easily, and the form of a stroke or a combination of strokes reduces.As: with " too " word form Chinese character--attitude is eliminated titanium peptide phthalein, all split into two and get final product.(2) the brief and reduction stroke of coding.This also is a guiding theory of design writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number.It is brief that outstanding encoding scheme should possess coding, and stroke is few and repeated code is few, can reach this purpose effectively after introducing similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries notion.If when every word hit sufficient all-key, the average every word of writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number hit 3.71 keys; If the meter brevity code, then average every word hits 3.23 keys.(3) memory easily.Two similar radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries are summarized in together, meet the aufbauprinciple of Chinese character, easily memory.

When with the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method Chinese character being carried out disassembled coding, get the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries at first, second and third and a place, end and form four yards, when counting four yards of less thaies as being close to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries partially, its last code is added the initial consonant of this word.As: peace: 3AA, sign indicating number: XEM, mark: 7NB, press: 53AA, degree: OTAD, meaning: UKSY, lift: 6BUU, birch: 7GBJ, birth: FISW stops: GO8W.

Above-mentioned the first six suffix sign indicating number has added the initial consonant of this word.When divining by means of characters,, can only split into itself during this two word fractionation in other words because " one " and " second " two words are the words that can not be decomposed, thus this two word be encoded to YE and PY.All the other Chinese characters all will split.Because some Chinese character does not have initial consonant to have only simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable in " Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet ", as: words such as peace, goose, Europe, therefore the writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number stipulates that first letter of these simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable replaces " initial consonant ", claims " falsetto mother " that initial consonant has just increased by three of a, o, e like this.The 3AA that is encoded to as: " peace " word.Introduce this three falsetto imperial mother, English alphabet is corresponding substantially with initial consonant in the Chinese phonetic alphabet.Owing in " Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet) " three of initial consonant zh, ch, sh are arranged, writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number regulation replaces with z, c, three single consonants of s again.That is to say when the tail sign indicating number adds initial consonant and relate to zh, ch, replace getting final product with single consonant z, c, s respectively when the sh initial consonant occurs.The KKC that is encoded to as: " prosperous " word.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the word that the key name word is promptly run after fame with first Chinese character on every key, its input method is double hit four times.As:

One, digital block: precious (3) grass (4) hand (5) water (6) wood (7) mouthful (8)

Two, people tagma: people (G) speech (F) ear (D) heart (S) woman (A)

Three, natural region: soil (H) mountain (J) day (K) month (L) gold (M)

Four, biotic district: silk (T) worm (R) horse (E) bamboo (W) fish (Q)

Five, wide (O) plumage (P) of apparatus district: five (Y) side's (U) cars (I)

Six, meter system district: little (V) nine of king (N) eight (B) (C) big (X) fire (Z)

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, principal part is first to become the coding of word Chinese character (Chinese character in the mnemonic(al) pithy formula) and input except that according to above-mentioned coding method and the input method, and also can press: our department+sequence number (3--8) method is carried out.So-called " our department " refers to that each is close to the key at radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries place partially." sequence number " is meant the number of putting in order of a certain Chinese character position in a certain mnemonic(al) pithy formula, this serial number since 3 to 8.As the pithy formula on the F key is " speech tooth Jian be the division of labor ", and speech makes number one, and its coding sequence number is 3, then encodes and is input as F3; Tooth row is at second, and its coding sequence number is 4, and then enter key is F4.List the coding complete list of the first one-tenth of principal part word Chinese character below, need hit two keys during input and add space bar: (1), digital block:

Precious (33) grass (43) hand (53) water (63) wood (73) mouthful (83) (2), people tagma:

People (G3) goes into (G4) and (G5) old (G7) Si (G8) of pawl (G6)

Speech (F3) tooth (F4) Jian (F5) is that (F6) divides (F7) worker (F8)

Ear (D3) order (D4) body (D5) (D6) bone (D7)

(S7) also (S8) ends in other (S5) factory of the heart (S3) tongue (S4) (S6)

Woman (A3) youngster (A4) foot (A5) (A6) is again seen (A7) female (A8) (3), natural region:

Soil (H3) bag (H4) gas (H5) is gone up (H6) rain (H7) centre (H8)

Mountain (J3) ten (J4) power (J5) first (J6) third (J7) boat (J8)

Day (K3) fork-like farm tool used in ancient China (K4) is opened (K5) hot (K6) white (K7)

(L4) cold (L5) thousand (L6) sunset (L7) falls the moon (L3)

Gold (M3) is (M8) (4), biotic district by (M4) field (M5) several (M6) sheet (M7):

Silk (T3) Cui (T4) ox (T5) bird (T6) leather (T7) crow (T8)

Worm (R3) standing grain (R4) is (R5) beans (R6) pigs (R7) skins (R8) early

Horse (E3) is through (E4) doctor (E5) dog (E6) sheep (E7) hair (E8)

Bamboo (W3) deer (W4) fourth (W5) is walked (W6) tiger (W7) fierce (W8)

River, rich (Q5) three of fish (Q3) shellfish (Q4) (Q6) angle (Q7) (Q8) (5), apparatus district:

Five (Y3) cutter (Y4) not (Y5) is returned (Y6) outer (Y7) (Y8)

Perpendicular (U6) two (U7) of side's (U3) frame (U4) clothing (U5) upright (U8)

Car (I3) bow (I4) ware (I5) ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems (I6) just (I7) is cast aside (I8)

Extensively (O3) also does (O7) right-falling stroke (O8) in (O4) towel (O5) Europe (O6)

Plumage (P3) (P5) dagger-axe at (P4) tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches (P6) is vowed (P7) second (P8) (6), meter system district:

King (N3) literary composition (N4) Wei (N5) grace (N6) is shown (N7) insect without feet or legs (N8)

Eight (B3) rice (B4) seven (B5) stay (B6) ancient (B7) occasion (B8)

Little (V3) door (V4) (V5) is converted (V6) four (V7) jin (V8)

Nine (C3) owe (C4) sick (C5) corpse (C6) very little (C7) last of the twelve Earthly Branches (C8)

(X3) stone (X4) page or leaf (X5) good (X6) clings to (X7) west (X8) greatly

Fire (Z3) ghost (Z4) Shen (Z5) food (Z6) its (Z7) narrow-necked earthen jar (Z8).

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the coding of radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries commonly used and input are adopted: the method for two our department+sequence numbers (3--8) is carried out." two our department " is meant twice of the key double hit (compiling two yards continuously) to a certain radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries commonly used place, and on 3 keys, two our department are 33 as " Mi "; " Fu " on the D key, two our department are DD." sequence number " refers to use always put in order (from 3 to 8) of a certain radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries listed in radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries one hurdle in writing-speeching-meaning coding summary table.Come second as " Mi " on 3 keys, its sequence number is 4, and then Shu Ru key is 334; And for example " Fu " on the D key makes number one, and sequence number is 3, and then enter key is DD3.Should have 54 by radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries commonly used, it puts in order is unalterable, and they have stronger memory regulation.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the input of high frequency word can be imported by the one-level brevity code.Need hit a key when promptly importing and add space bar.As:

Digital block: learn in (6) these (7) (8) to (3) meeting (4) I (6)

The people tagma: he (G) says and (F) (D) in (S) back (A)

Natural region: when (K) that ground (H) goes out (J) is (L) (M)

The biotic district: for (T) and (R) giving birth to (E) can (W) row (Q)

The apparatus district: one (Y) state (U) year (I) in (O) with (P)

Meter system district: public (B) individual (V) of this (N) comes (C) to want (X) that (Z) arranged.

Secondary brevity code Chinese character is the Chinese character that any two radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries are formed in the writing-speeching-meaning coding summary table in the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, only need hit two keys during input and add space bar and get final product.Secondary brevity code Chinese character has 831, as: (AA) words (FS) row (UW) rock (JX) many (LL) seen in word (3D).

The three Chinese character is the Chinese character that any three radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries are formed in the writing-speeching-meaning coding summary table in the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, only need hit triple bond during input and add space bar and get final product.Three has 2537 words, as: wide (34A) palace (388) labor (43J) warbler (34T) is pressed (53A) gesture (5CJ) Hunan (67D) gloomy (777) etc., and remaining word provides in relevant teaching material, is not listing here.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the repeated code complement code is meant that code length is three a repeat code Chinese character, Z is mended at its first Chinese character end, X is mended at second Chinese character end, and C is mended at the 3rd Chinese character end, and V is mended at the 4th Chinese character end, B is mended at the 5th Chinese character end, N is mended at the 6th Chinese character end, and M is mended at the 7th Chinese character end, so just three repeat code Chinese characters is converted into four not repeated codes.As: after squeezing into 5PZ and space bar " looking for bundle " two word repeated codes are arranged, then " look for " word to go up screen automatically if need " looking for " word to squeeze into Z again.Screen gone up automatically in " bundle " word after squeezing into the X key equally.After using this repeated code complement rule, repeated code changes 183 into by 306 words of static state.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the coding that two-character word converges is: every word is got preceding two radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries and is formed four yards, and promptly every word is got first, second radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries and formed four yards.As:

Chinese character: Rui is Http (6A3D) again, discusses: Yan cun Yan people (FCFG),

Time: sun door day (KCVK), government: one ends wide Ren (YSOG),

Opening: a European-allies mouth mouth (Y488), phone: day second Yan tongue (KPFS).

In the writing-speeching-meaning coding, the coding that three words converge is: preceding two Chinese characters are respectively got the first sum of, and a back word is got preceding two.As: televisor: KN7M, slip-stick artist: YRYY, overall process: GCR8,

Communist Youth League: TQUJ, Shanghai City: H6OO, cogeneration plant: 5KYI,

Feature film: BYIU, promoter: PWGG.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, the coding that four words converge is: every word is got the first stroke and is formed four yards.As:

Living standard: I66Y, accumulate over a long period: KRLM, stock markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen: 66LO,

Come back to life: WZUI, administration: UYWN, willing to bear the burden of work: G4GL.

In the writing-speeching-meaning coding, above the above vocabulary coding of four words be: the first stroke respectively got in first three word, and the most last word is got the first stroke and formed four yards.As:

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC: 8T8F, Deng Xiaoping Theory: AVYF,

Build a socialism with Chinese characteristics: VFZO, the General Office of the State Council: UNDS.

In the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, some radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries does not have certain meaning or inconvenience to sort out, therefore by the mnemonic(al) pithy formula location of sorting out suitable for reading bright whether.As: " cold " on the L key and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, " returning " on the Y key and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, " right-falling stroke " on the O key and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, " second " on the P key and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries, " narrow-necked earthen jar " on the Z key and auxilliary radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries etc.In addition,, certain one that meets one of above-mentioned compiling method or a few portion are adjusted on other district, the key in order to reduce repeated code effectively, as: factory with extensively answer layout together by similar compiling method, but defer to this method and they separated.

Because the complicacy of Hanzi structure, some Chinese character can split out two or more different results when splitting Chinese character, and coding also just has multiple result like this, and coding like this is called tolerant code.Tolerant code is divided into two kinds in the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, and a kind of is the coding that produces the half-heartedness property when divining by means of characters, and claims form of a stroke or a combination of strokes tolerant code, splits into " founding Pie " or " six factories " as " products ".Another kind is meant that a Chinese character has the coding of two or more different initial consonants, and read likeness of the deceased error code is read Xing and Hang two sounds as " OK "." product " word code is accordingly: UIC and OSC, " OK " word code: UWX and UWH.

When begining to learn the writing-speeching-meaning code Chinese character entering method, the coding of part words is unclear, can pass through query key--/key (? the key at place--back slash) inquires about.For example squeezing into Q/QU then has " Pei " word to occur, and provides the coding of QYQU.Certainly/and can appear on any code position in four yards, also can a plurality of/appearance simultaneously.In encoding, have/time, what inquired about is the class coding with a certain characteristics, these codings are pressed the usage frequency of Chinese character and are arranged, if required words comes after the second place, select with ordinal number (1234567890), when if required words is in first, then continue down input, screen can be gone up automatically in the words on the primary importance at this moment.

The writing-speeching-meaning compiling method has fully taken into account the encoded question of user-defined specialized vocabulary when the design encoding scheme.More encoding scheme is only allowed the coding rule of self to the coding of user-defined specialized vocabulary at present, and does not allow the coding rule of other coding method, has caused great inconvenience and no independence to the user.Writing-speeching-meaning encoding law difference, the coding that offers the User Defined specialized vocabulary is the system of an open low repeated code, promptly in the writing-speeching-meaning compiling method, allow such as coding rules such as simplicity, Two bors d's oeuveres and exist and the flexible nature of input, do not need gear shift, need not add identification code, all are indiscriminately ad. as one wishes decided in its sole discretion by the user.Certainly the user also can be by the coding rule definition specialized vocabulary of writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number.Introduce four kinds of methods below.

1, the coding rule of deferring to the writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number is encoded.The coding as before, repeat no more here.

2, defer to sound sign indicating number class coding rule definition specialized vocabulary.Coding rule definition as the natural process sign indicating number: " world peace and the cause of human progress " it is encoded to UJHY.As defer to Two bors d's oeuveres diphthong coding rule definition: " Kingsoft computer company limited " its JSD that encodes.

3, defer to (classification) by different level definition specialized vocabulary of sound sign indicating number rule-like.The specialized vocabulary of this method definition generally not can with the individual character two words coincident codes of writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number.What is called (classification) by different level is meant that the 4th yard of specialized vocabulary distinguish with ordinal number word (3--8).As with the scientific and technological class vocabulary of 3 representatives, 4 represents medical and health class vocabulary, and 5 represent mechanical electrical type vocabulary or the like.As defining economic management class specialized vocabulary, then,, represent price class vocabulary or the like with 8 with 4 representative statistics class vocabulary with 3 representative plan class vocabulary.

For example: total output of grain LSZ4, gross national product (GNP) GMS4.

4, digital coding and English name abbreviation definition specialized vocabulary.Certain this method is applied to required specialized vocabulary not for a long time.As: Sichuan Changhong Electric Appliance Co., Ltd 3456, the CCTV of the Chinese Central Television (CCTV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) AIDS, the ICBC of the National Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

The coding rule of writing-speeching-meaning compiling method relates to fractionation and two aspects of pronunciation of Chinese character, and defers to following provisions:

1. the sequential write of deferring to Chinese character from left to right, from top to bottom, from outside to inside, and the radical at first stroke of a Chinese character place is called the first stroke when writing, and the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries at a time place are called second, and the radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries at a place, end are called last.When first, second, third, fourth radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries all do not belong to radicals by which characters are arranged in traditional Chinese dictionaries in " writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number coding summary table ", split into five kinds of basic strokes without exception.Promptly cast aside anyhow and press down folding, and " point " is included into the right-falling stroke pen, " carrying " is included into horizontal pen, the perpendicular perpendicular pen of work that colludes." word " in the writing-speeching-meaning sign indicating number is meant national standard regular script font but not fonts such as rapid style of writing.

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
King Kanji v4.5 serial key or number

MS-DOS

Discontinued computer operating system
This article is about Microsoft MS-DOS specifically. For other compatible operating systems of the DOS family, see DOS.

MS-DOS (/ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/em-es-DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to as "DOS" (which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s, from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system.

IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 as PC DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, the two products diverged after twelve years, in 1993, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax, and capabilities.

During its lifetime, several competing products were released for the x86 platform,[5] and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000.[6] Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures. Ultimately, it was the key product in Microsoft's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. It is a flexible operating system, and consumes negligible installation space.

History[edit]

MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS[7] – owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M: an improved disk sector buffering logic, and the introduction of FAT12 instead of the CP/M filesystem. This first version was shipped in August 1980.[3] Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer,[8][9] hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for US$75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, which, in August 1981, offered it as PC DOS 1.0 as one of three operating systems[10] for the IBM 5150, or the IBM PC.[3]

Within a year, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies.[11] It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers (the DOS BIOS), minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The OEM would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of "MS-DOS" for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS [compatible] machine. Some machines, like the Tandy 2000, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture.

This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer). However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware. Very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers closely emulated IBM's hardware, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of "MS-DOS" were only relevant to the systems they were designed for, and in any case were very similar in function and capability to some standard version for the IBM PC—often the same-numbered version, but not always, since some OEMs used their own proprietary version numbering schemes (e.g. labeling later releases of MS-DOS 1.x as 2.0 or vice versa)—with a few notable exceptions.

Microsoft omitted multi-user support from MS-DOS because Microsoft's Unix-based operating system, Xenix, was fully multi-user.[12] The company planned, over time, to improve MS-DOS so it would be almost indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or XEDOS, which would also run on the Motorola 68000, Zilog Z8000, and the LSI-11; they would be upwardly compatible with Xenix, which Byte in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".[13][14] Microsoft advertised MS-DOS and Xenix together, listing the shared features of its "single-user OS" and "the multi-user, multi-tasking, UNIX-derived operating system", and promising easy porting between them.[15] After the breakup of the Bell System, however, AT&T Computer Systems started selling UNIX System V. Believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO).

On March 25, 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS 1.25 and a mixture of Altos MS-DOS 2.11 and TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 available to the public under the Microsoft Research License Agreement, which makes the code source-available, but not open source as defined by Open Source Initiative or Free Software Foundation standards.[16][17][18][19] Microsoft would later re-license the code under the MIT License on September 28, 2018, making these versions free software.[2]

As an April Fool's Day joke in 2015, Microsoft Mobile launched a Windows Phone application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS.[20]

Versions[edit]

Microsoft licensed or released versions of MS-DOS under different names like Lifeboat Associates "Software Bus 86"[21][22] a.k.a. SB-DOS,[5]COMPAQ-DOS,[21][22]NCR-DOS or Z-DOS[21][5] before it eventually enforced the MS-DOS name for all versions but the IBM one, which was originally called "IBM Personal Computer DOS", later shortened to IBM PC DOS. (Competitors released compatible DOS systems such as DR DOS and PTS-DOS that could also run DOS applications.)

In the former Eastern bloc, MS-DOS derivatives named DCP (Disk Control Program [de]) 3.20 and 3.30 existed in the late 1980s. They were produced by the East German electronics manufacturer VEB Robotron.[23]

The following versions of MS-DOS were released to the public:[24][25]

MS-DOS 1.x[edit]

MS-DOS Version 1.12 for Compaq Personal Computer
  • Version 1.24 (OEM) – basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.1
  • Version 1.25 (OEM) – basis for non-IBM OEM versions of MS-DOS, including SCP MS-DOS 1.25
  • Compaq-DOS 1.12, a Compaq OEM version of MS-DOS 1.25; Release date: November, 1983[26]
  • TI BOOT V. 1.13, a Texas Instruments OEM version of MS-DOS; Release date: August, 1983[27]
  • Zenith Z-DOS 1.19, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS 1.25[28]
  • Zenith Z-DOS/MS-DOS release 1.01, version 1.25, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS; Release date: May, 1983[29]

MS-DOS 2.x[edit]

Support for IBM's XT 10 MB hard disk drives, support up to 16 MB or 32 MB FAT12 formatted hard disk drives depending on the formatting tool shipped by OEMs,[30] user installable device drivers, tree-structure filing system,[31] Unix-like[32] inheritable redirectable file handles,[33][34] non-multitasking child processes[35] an improved Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) API,[36] environment variables, device driver support, FOR and GOTO loops in batch files, ANSI.SYS.[37]

  • Version 2.0 (OEM), First version to support 5.25-inch, 180 KB and 360 KB floppy disks;[38][39] Release date: October, 1983[40]
  • Version 2.02 (OEM, Compaq); Release date: November, 1983[41]
  • Version 2.05 (OEM, international support);[21] Release date: October, 1983[42]
  • Version 2.1 (OEM, IBM only)[21]
  • Version 2.11 (OEM)[21]
    • Altos MS-DOS 2.11, an Altos OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11 for the ACT-86C
    • ITT Corporation ITT-DOS 2.11 Version 2 (MS-DOS 2.11 for the ITT XTRA Personal Computer); Release date: July, 1985[43]
    • Toshiba MS-DOS 2.11 in ROM drive for the model T1000 laptop
    • TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11, a TeleVideo OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11
  • Version 2.13 (OEM, Zenith); Release date: July, 1984[44]
  • Version 2.2 (OEM, with Hangeul support)[21]
  • Version 2.25 (OEM, with Hangeul and Kanji support)[21]

MS-DOS 3.x[edit]

  • Version 3.0 (OEM) – First version to support 5.25-inch, 1.2 MB floppy drives and diskettes, FAT16 partitions up to 32 MB;[45][46] Release date: April, 1985[47]
  • Version 3.1 (OEM) – Support for Microsoft Networks through an IFS layer,[45] remote file and printer API[48][49]
  • Version 3.2 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch, 720 kB floppy drives and diskettes and XCOPY.[38]
  • Version 3.10 (OEM, Multitech); Release date: May, 1986[50]
  • Version 3.20 – First retail release (non-OEM); Release date: July, 1986[51]
  • Version 3.21 (OEM / non-OEM); Release date: May, 1987[52]
  • Version 3.22 (OEM) – (HP 95LX)
  • Version 3.25 (OEM)
  • Version 3.3 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch, 1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes, extended and logical partitions, directory tree copying with XCOPY, improved support for internationalization (COUNTRY.SYS),[53] networked file flush operations[54]
  • Version 3.3a (OEM)
  • Version 3.30; Release date: February, 1988[55]
  • Version 3.30A (OEM, DTK); Release date: July, 1987[56]
  • Version 3.30T (OEM, Tandy); Release date: July, 1990[57]
  • Version 3.31 (Compaq OEM only)[nb 1] – supports FAT16B with partitions larger than 32 MiB;[nb 2] Release date: November, 1989[58]

MS-DOS 4.0 / MS-DOS 4.x[edit]

  • MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking) and MS-DOS 4.1 – A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features, released between 3.2 and 3.3, and later abandoned. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below
  • MS-DOS 4.x (IBM-developed) – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues.[59]
    • Version 4.00 (OEM) – First version with builtin IBM/Microsoft support of a hard disk partitions greater than 32 MB and up to a maximum size of 2 GB,[60]FASTOPEN/FASTSEEK, DOSSHELL, could use EMS for the disk buffers and provided EMS drivers and emulation for 386 compatible processors;[61] Release date: October, 1988[62]
    • Version 4.01 (OEM) – Microsoft rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label but not IBM PC DOS. First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks (Disk duplication also[nb 3] and when using SYS to make a floppy disk or a partition of a hard drive bootable);[63] Release date: April, 1989[64]
    • Version 4.01a (OEM)

MS-DOS 5.x[edit]

MS-DOS 6.x[edit]

  • Version 6.0 (Retail) – Online help through QBASIC. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included.
  • Version 6.2 – SCANDISK as replacement for CHKDSK. Fix serious bugs in DBLSPACE.
  • Version 6.21 (Retail) – Stacker-infringing DBLSPACE removed.
  • Version 6.22 (Retail) – New DRVSPACE compression.[67]

MS-DOS 7 (as part of Windows 9x)[edit]

  • Windows 95's first retail release included support for VFAT long file names when run in a Windows Virtual-8086 box and 32-bits signed integer errorlevel. New editor. JO.SYS is an alternative filename of the IO.SYS kernel file and used as such for "special purposes". JO.SYS allows booting from either CD-ROM drive or hard disk. Last version to recognize only the first 8.4 GB of a hard disk. The VER internal command reports the Windows version 4.00.950, applications through the MS-DOS API would be reported a version number of 7.00.
  • Windows 95's OEM Service Release 2, through Windows 98 Second Edition, added support for the FAT32 file system, and was the last version that could boot to the command line from a hard disk. The VER internal command reports the Windows version 4.00.1111, 4.10.1998, or 4.10.2222 depending on the version of Windows, while applications through the API would report version 7.10.
  • Windows Me was the last version based on MS-DOS, and DOS mode was significantly altered in this release. Booting from the hard disk to a command line only was no longer permitted, AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files were no longer loaded nor parsed before loading the Windows GUI; booting from floppy disk was still permitted to allow for emergency recovery and this version is included in Windows XP and later versions for creating MS-DOS Startup Disks. The VER internal command reports the Windows version 4.90.3000, or 5.1 when created from newer versions of Windows. Applications requesting the version through the API would report version 8.00.

Microsoft DOS was released through the OEM channel, until Digital Research released DR-DOS 5.0 as a retail upgrade. With PC DOS 5.00.1, the IBM-Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5.00.1, 5.02, 6.00 and PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000 and 7.1.

Localized versions[edit]

Localized versions of MS-DOS existed for different markets.[68] While Western issues of MS-DOS evolved around the same set of tools and drivers just with localized message languages and differing sets of supported codepages and keyboard layouts, some language versions were considerably different from Western issues and were adapted to run on localized PC hardware with additional BIOS services not available in Western PCs, support multiple hardware codepages for displays and printers, support DBCS, alternative input methods and graphics output. Affected issues include Japanese (DOS/V), Korean, Arabic (ADOS 3.3/5.0), Hebrew (HDOS 3.3/5.0), Russian (RDOS 4.01/5.0) as well as some other Eastern European versions of DOS.

Competition[edit]

The original MS-DOS advertisement in 1981.

On microcomputers based on the Intel 8086 and 8088 processors, including the IBM PC and clones, the initial competition to the PC DOS/MS-DOS line came from Digital Research, whose CP/M operating system had inspired MS-DOS. In fact, there remains controversy as to whether QDOS was more or less plagiarized from early versions of CP/M code. Digital Research released CP/M-86 a few months after MS-DOS, and it was offered as an alternative to MS-DOS and Microsoft's licensing requirements, but at a higher price. Executable programs for CP/M-86 and MS-DOS were not interchangeable with each other; many applications were sold in both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions until MS-DOS became preponderant (later Digital Research operating systems could run both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software). MS-DOS originally supported the simple .COM, which was modeled after a similar but binary incompatible format known from CP/M-80. CP/M-86 instead supported a relocatable format using the file extension.CMD to avoid name conflicts with CP/M-80 and MS-DOS .COM files. MS-DOS version 1.0 added a more advanced relocatable .EXE executable file format.

Most of the machines in the early days of MS-DOS had differing system architectures and there was a certain degree of incompatibility, and subsequently vendor lock-in. Users who began using MS-DOS with their machines were compelled to continue using the version customized for their hardware, or face trying to get all of their proprietary hardware and software to work with the new system.

In the business world the 808x-based machines that MS-DOS was tied to faced competition from the Unix operating system which ran on many different hardware architectures. Microsoft itself sold a version of Unix for the PC called Xenix.

In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the Apple II, early Apple Macintosh, the Commodore 64 and others did not use the 808x processor; many 808x machines of different architectures used custom versions of MS-DOS. At first all these machines were in competition. In time the IBM PC hardware configuration became dominant in the 808x market as software written to communicate directly with the PC hardware without using standard operating system calls ran much faster, but on true PC-compatibles only. Non-PC-compatible 808x machines were too small a market to have fast software written for them alone, and the market remained open only for IBM PCs and machines that closely imitated their architecture, all running either a single version of MS-DOS compatible only with PCs, or the equivalent IBM PC DOS. Most clones cost much less than IBM-branded machines of similar performance, and became widely used by home users, while IBM PCs had a large share of the business computer market.

Microsoft and IBM together began what was intended as the follow-on to MS-DOS/PC DOS, called OS/2. When OS/2 was released in 1987, Microsoft began an advertising campaign announcing that "DOS is Dead" and stating that version 4 was the last full release. OS/2 was designed for efficient multi-tasking (as was standard in operating systems since 1963) and offered a number of advanced features that had been designed together with similar look and feel; it was seen as the legitimate heir to the "kludgy" DOS platform.

MS-DOS had grown in spurts, with many significant features being taken or duplicated from Microsoft's other products and operating systems. MS-DOS also grew by incorporating, by direct licensing or feature duplicating, the functionality of tools and utilities developed by independent companies, such as Norton Utilities, PC Tools (Microsoft Anti-Virus), QEMM expanded memory manager, Stackerdisk compression, and others.

During the period when Digital Research was competing in the operating system market some computers, like Amstrad PC1512, were sold with floppy disks for two operating systems (only one of which could be used at a time), MS-DOS and CP/M-86 or a derivative of it. Digital Research produced DOS Plus, which was compatible with MS-DOS 2.11, supported CP/M-86 programs, had additional features including multi-tasking, and could read and write disks in CP/M and MS-DOS format.

While OS/2 was under protracted development, Digital Research released the MS-DOS compatible DR DOS 5.0, which included features only available as third-party add-ons for MS-DOS. Unwilling to lose any portion of the market, Microsoft responded by announcing the "pending" release of MS-DOS 5.0 in May 1990. This effectively killed most DR DOS sales until the actual release of MS-DOS 5.0 in June 1991. Digital Research brought out DR DOS 6.0, which sold well until the "pre-announcement" of MS-DOS 6.0 again stifled the sales of DR DOS.

Microsoft had been accused of carefully orchestrating leaks about future versions of MS-DOS in an attempt to create what in the industry is called FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) regarding DR DOS. For example, in October 1990, shortly after the release of DR DOS 5.0, and long before the eventual June 1991 release of MS-DOS 5.0, stories on feature enhancements in MS-DOS started to appear in InfoWorld and PC Week. Brad Silverberg, then Vice President of Systems Software at Microsoft and general manager of its Windows and MS-DOS Business Unit, wrote a forceful letter to PC Week (November 5, 1990), denying that Microsoft was engaged in FUD tactics ("to serve our customers better, we decided to be more forthcoming about version 5.0") and denying that Microsoft copied features from DR DOS:

"The feature enhancements of MS-DOS version 5.0 were decided and development was begun long before we heard about DR DOS 5.0. There will be some similar features. With 50 million MS-DOS users, it shouldn't be surprising that DRI has heard some of the same requests from customers that we have." – (Schulman et al. 1994).[69]

The pact between Microsoft and IBM to promote OS/2 began to fall apart in 1990 when Windows 3.0 became a marketplace success. Much of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went into creating a third GUI replacement for DOS, Windows NT.

IBM, which had already been developing the next version of OS/2, carried on development of the platform without Microsoft and sold it as the alternative to DOS and Windows.

Legal issues[edit]

As a response to Digital Research's DR DOS 6.0, which bundled SuperStor disk compression, Microsoft opened negotiations with Stac Electronics, vendor of the most popular DOS disk compression tool, Stacker. In the due diligence process, Stac engineers had shown Microsoft part of the Stacker source code. Stac was unwilling to meet Microsoft's terms for licensing Stacker and withdrew from the negotiations. Microsoft chose to license Vertisoft's DoubleDisk, using it as the core for its DoubleSpace disk compression.[70]

MS-DOS 6.0 and 6.20 were released in 1993, both including the Microsoft DoubleSpace disk compression utility program. Stac successfully sued Microsoft for patent infringement regarding the compression algorithm used in DoubleSpace. This resulted in the 1994 release of MS-DOS 6.21, which had disk compression removed. Shortly afterwards came version 6.22, with a new version of the disk compression system, DriveSpace, which had a different compression algorithm to avoid the infringing code.

Prior to 1995, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS (and Windows) to computer manufacturers under three types of agreement: per-processor (a fee for each system the company sold), per-system (a fee for each system of a particular model), or per-copy (a fee for each copy of MS-DOS installed). The largest manufacturers used the per-processor arrangement, which had the lowest fee. This arrangement made it expensive for the large manufacturers to migrate to any other operating system, such as DR DOS. In 1991, the U.S. government Federal Trade Commission began investigating Microsoft's licensing procedures, resulting in a 1994 settlement agreement limiting Microsoft to per-copy licensing. Digital Research did not gain by this settlement, and years later its successor in interest, Caldera, sued Microsoft for damages in the Caldera v. Microsoft lawsuit. It was believed that the settlement ran in the order of $150 million, but was revealed in November 2009 with the release of the Settlement Agreement to be $280 million.[71]

Use of undocumented APIs[edit]

Microsoft also used a variety of tactics in MS-DOS and several of their applications and development tools that, while operating perfectly when running on genuine MS-DOS (and PC DOS), would break when run on another vendor's implementation of DOS. Notable examples of this practice included:

  • Microsoft's QuickPascal released in early 1989 was the first MS product that checked for MS-DOS by modifying the program's Program Segment Prefix using undocumented DOS functions, and then checked whether or not the associated value changed in a fixed position within the DOS data segment (also undocumented). This check also made it into later MS products, including Microsoft QuickC v2.5, Programmer's Workbench and Microsoft C v6.0.[69]
  • The AARD code, a block of code in the windows launcher (WIN.COM) and a few other system files of Windows 3.1. It was XOR encrypted, self-modifying, and deliberately obfuscated, using various undocumented DOS structures and functions to determine whether or not Windows really was running on MS-DOS.[69] In the beta versions, it displayed an "error" message if the test for genuine MS-DOS failed, prompting the user to abort or continue, with abort the default. In the final release version, the code still ran, but the message and prompt were disabled by an added flag byte, rendering it (probably) ineffectual.
    • Note that the Windows 3.0 beta code only gave a warning that Windows would not operate properly on a "foreign" OS. It did, in fact, run just fine on DR DOS 6.0.
  • Interrupt routines called by Windows to inform MS-DOS that Windows is starting/exiting, information that MS-DOS retained in an IN_WINDOWS flag, in spite of the fact that MS-DOS and Windows were supposed to be two separate products.[69]

Demise[edit]

As of 2011[update], MS-DOS is still used in some enterprises to run legacy applications, such as this US Navy food service management system.

The introduction of Windows 3.0 in 1990, with an easy-to-use graphical user interface, marked the beginning of the end for the command-line driven MS-DOS. With the release of Windows 95 (and continuing in the Windows 9x product line through to Windows Me), an integrated version of MS-DOS was used for bootstrapping, troubleshooting, and backwards-compatibility with old DOS software, particularly games, and no longer released as a standalone product.[72] In Windows 95, the DOS, called MS-DOS 7, can be booted separately, without the Windows GUI; this capability was retained through Windows 98 Second Edition. Windows Me removed the capability to boot its underlying MS-DOS 8.0 alone from a hard disk, but retained the ability to make a DOS boot floppy disk (called an "Emergency Boot Disk") and can be hacked to restore full access to the underlying DOS.

In contrast to the Windows 9x series, the Windows NT-derived 32-bit operating systems developed alongside the 9x series (Windows NT, 2000, XP and newer) do not contain MS-DOS as part of the operating system, as NT is not built as a subsystem running on DOS but an entirely different independent operating system,[72] but provide a subset of DOS emulation to run DOS applications and provide DOS-like command prompt windows. 64-bit versions of Windows NT line do not provide DOS emulation and cannot run DOS applications natively.[73]Windows XP contains a copy of the Windows Me boot disk, stripped down to bootstrap only. This is accessible only by formatting a floppy as an "MS-DOS startup disk". Files like the driver for the CD-ROM support were deleted from the Windows Me bootdisk and the startup files (AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS) no longer had content. This modified disk was the base for creating the MS-DOS image for Windows XP. Some of the deleted files can be recovered with an undelete tool.[74] When booting up an MS-DOS startup disk made with Windows XP's format tool, the version reports as "Windows Millennium," and not "MS-DOS 8.0" (which was used as the base for Windows Me but never released as a stand-alone product). With Windows Vista the files on the startup disk are dated April 18, 2005 but are otherwise unchanged, including the string "MS-DOS Version 8 Copyright 1981–1999 Microsoft Corp" inside . Starting with Windows 10, the ability to create a DOS startup disk has been removed and so either a virtual machine running MS-DOS or an older version (in a virtual machine or dual boot) must be used to format a floppy disk, or an image must be obtained from an external source. Other solutions include using DOS compatible alternatives, such as FreeDOS or even copying the required files and boot sector themselves.

MS-DOS 6.22 was the last standalone version produced by Microsoft for Intel 8088, Intel 8086, and Intel 80286 processors, which remain available for download via their MSDN,[75] volume license, and OEM license partner websites, for customers with valid login credentials. MS-DOS is still used in embedded x86 systems due to its simple architecture and minimal memory and processor requirements, though some current products have switched to the still-maintained open-source alternative FreeDOS.

In 2018, Microsoft released the source code for MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 on GitHub. The purpose of this, according to Microsoft, is mainly for education and experimentation with historic operating systems and for new programmers to gain an understanding of how low-level software works, both historic and current.

Due to the historical nature of the software, Microsoft will not accept any pull requests to the code; only pull requests for modified and translated documentation will be accepted. Users, however, are allowed and fully encouraged to fork the repository containing the MS-DOS source code and make their own modifications, and do whatever they like with it.

Windows command-line interface[edit]

All versions of Microsoft Windows have had an MS-DOS-like command-line interface (CLI) called Command Prompt. This could run many DOS and variously Win32, OS/2 1.x and POSIX command line utilities in the same command-line session, allowing piping between commands. The user interface, and the icon up to Windows 2000, followed the native MS-DOS interface.

The 16-bit versions of Windows (up to 3.11) ran as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on top of MS-DOS. With Windows 95, 98, 98 SE and Me, the MS-DOS part was (superficially) integrated, treating the MS-DOS operating system and the Windows GUI as a complete package, though the DOS component could actually stand alone. The command line accessed the DOS command line (usually ) through a Windows module (WINOLDAP.MOD).[clarification needed]

A new line of Windows, (Windows NT), boot through a kernel whose sole purpose is to load Windows. One cannot run Win32 applications in the loader system in the manner that OS/2, UNIX or Consumer Windows can launch character-mode sessions.

The command session permits running of various supported command line utilities from Win32, MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x and POSIX. The emulators for MS-DOS, OS/2 and POSIX use the host's window in the same way that Win16 applications use the Win32 explorer. Using the host's window allows one to pipe output between emulations.

The MS-DOS emulation is done through the NTVDM (NT Virtual DOS Machine). This is a modified SoftPC (a former product similar to VirtualPC), running a modified MS-DOS 5 (NTIO.SYS and NTDOS.SYS). The output is handled by the console DLLs, so that the program at the prompt (, , ), can see the output. 64-bit Windows does not have either the DOS emulation, or the DOS commands EDIT, DEBUG, EDLIN), that come with 32-bit Windows.

The DOS version returns 5.00 or 5.50, depending on which API function is used to determine it. Utilities from MS-DOS 5.00 run in this emulation without modification. The very early beta programs of NT show MS-DOS 30.00, but programs running in MS-DOS 30.00 would assume that OS/2 was in control.

The OS/2 emulation is handled through OS2SS.EXE and OS2.EXE, and DOSCALLS.DLL. OS2.EXE is a version of the OS/2 shell (CMD.EXE), which passes commands down to the OS2SS.EXE, and input-output to the Windows NT shell. Windows 2000 was the last version of NT to support OS/2. The emulation is OS/2 1.30.

POSIX is emulated through the POSIX shell, but no emulated shell; the commands are handled directly in CMD.EXE.

The Command Prompt is often called the MS-DOS prompt. In part, this was the official name for it in Windows 9x and early versions of Windows NT (NT 3.5 and earlier), and in part because the SoftPC emulation of DOS redirects output into it. Actually only and other 16-bit commands run in an NTVDM with and initialisation determined by , optionally permitting the use of Win32 console applications and internal commands with an directive.

Win32 console applications use as their command prompt shell. This confusion does not exist under OS/2 because there are separate DOS and OS/2 prompts, and running a DOS program under OS/2 will launch a separate DOS window to run the application.

All versions of Windows for Itanium (no longer sold by Microsoft) and x86-64 architectures no longer include the NTVDM and can therefore no longer natively run DOS or 16-bit Windows applications. There are alternatives in the form of virtual machine emulators such as Microsoft's own Virtual PC, as well as VMware, DOSBox, and others.

Legacy compatibility[edit]

From 1983 onwards, various companies worked on graphical user interfaces (GUIs) capable of running on PC hardware. However, this required duplicated effort and did not provide much consistency in interface design (even between products from the same company).

Later, in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was released as Microsoft's first attempt at providing a consistent user interface (for applications). The early versions of Windows ran on top of MS-DOS. At first Windows met with little success, but this was also true for most other companies' efforts as well, for example GEM. After version 3.0, Windows gained market acceptance.

Windows 9x used the DOS boot process to launch into protected mode. Basic features related to the file system, such as long file names, were only available to DOS when running as a subsystem of Windows. Windows NT runs independently of DOS but includes NTVDM, a component for simulating a DOS environment for legacy applications.

Related systems[edit]

MS-DOS compatible systems include:

Microsoft manufactured IBM PC DOS for IBM. It and MS-DOS were identical products that eventually diverged starting with MS-DOS version 6.0. Digital Research did not follow Microsoft's version numbering scheme. For example, MS-DOS 4, released in July 1988, was followed by DR DOS 5.0 in May 1990. MS-DOS 5.0 came in April 1991, and DR DOS 6.0 was released the following June.[76]

These products are collectively referred to as "DOS", even though "Disk Operating System" is a generic term used on other systems unrelated to the x86 and IBM PC. "MS-DOS" can also be a generic reference to DOS on IBM PC compatible computers.

Microsoft's control of the Windows platform, and their programming practices which intentionally made Windows appear as if it ran poorly on competing versions of DOS, crippled the ability of other DOS makers to continue to compete with MS-DOS.[69] Digital Research had to release interim releases to circumvent Windows limitations inserted artificially,[69] designed specifically to provide Microsoft with a competitive advantage.[69]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Confirmed that there was Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3.31 aside from MS-DOS 3.31.
  2. ^Up to 512 MB only.
  3. ^Only if boot record of source floppy disk contains volume serial number also.

References[edit]

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
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