Windows 2000 Advanced Server with SP3 OEM serial key or number

Microsoft CD Keys, CD Key Generator, Genuine Advantage ValidationMicrosoft
CD Keys, CD Key Generator, Genuine Advantage Validation

If you want to make up your own key of the form nnn-nnnnnnn, it seems that the
first three digits can be any number you like while the last seven digits must
add up to a multiple of seven. A really boring (but easy to type key) is:

This key has been used successfully with:
  BackOffice (Beta 2)
  Flight Simulator 98 (OEM)
  Liquid Motion
  Monster Truck Madness
  Office 97 Pro
  Plus! 98
  Publisher 98
  SQL Server Enterprise Edition
  Visual C++ Standard Edition
  Visual Studio 6 (Enterprise and Pro) and 97
  Windows NT
  Word 97
I have also read that if you take an upgrade CD key and add one to the first set
of numbers (whether three or four digit) then the CD key will be for the full
edition.
If that didn't work, try this:

I am not sure what CD this is from, but I am compiling a list of all Microsoft
applications that this CD Key works with. It seems to have been the standard
with older CD's (95 thru 97). This key has been used successfully with:
  Flight Simulator 95
  Monster Truck Madness
  Office 98 for MacIntosh
  Office for MacIntosh
  Publisher 97
  Publisher 98 (with in first block)
  Sidewinder Game Pad CD
  Visual Basic Enterprise
  Visual Basic a Professional Edition
  Visual C++ and
  Visual C++ Professional
  Visual C++ Professional Edition
  Visual C++ Pro
  Visual Studio 97
  Windows NT Workstation
  Windows 95/98 Plus!
  Windows 95 Upgrade
  Windows 98 Beta 3
  Works

Windows 98
If your computer came with Windows 98 (i.e. you did not upgrade your computer to
Windows 98), you may need to use an OEM number which you find via this link.
With Windows 98, MS seems to have gone crazy with the length of the CD Key or
Product Key. There see to only be about three common families of CD keys, OEM,
full retail, and upgrade retail. The main thing seems to be just using a CD key
from the same family. Two less common families are corporate (which can
sometimes bypass the mandatory registration process) and academic.
Windows 98 Second Edition keys are broken out in a separate section below.
Some Windows 98 CD Keys you can try are:
  VYKKXDCDJ97HP
  R3TQR-PQTKG-HBVQ9-YBFH3-CGCRT worked with German full, English full (OEM), UK
  Edition, Compaq English, Spanish Full, Dutch, Compaq and IBM Recovery CDs, and
  U.S. Second Edition (SE) OEM, Dell SE laptop, Toshiba XDVD.
  RRXHQ-M3YTR-3BGRT-CQMCK4C4
  Q2YHH-GYWV2-MDXCD-H9P2X-HYVMM worked with several versions including SE
  (Second Edition), UK Edition, and US OEM.
  R34DV-VB6WM-XMHHV-WM4Q2-WBB3Y is supposed to work with all version of first
  edition Windows 98 (), UK Edition.
  T7J8Q-MH7RP-9H9JHVFG-C3X2M worked with four U.S. retail versions
  () as well as second edition version.
  JJK9P-G8JYJ-X24RC-XTFJ4-K9W4W worked with English retail version (CA), UK
  Edition.
  MMHK7-QPHQG-KMTPGTJY-JQ6XM worked with English Retail Second Edition
  vA. Also, HP recovery disk, UK Edition.
  XB88B-9B96V-CRJPGGQBDD Full verison, not upgrade, also Second Edition,
  UK Edition
  DJK2X-6XFJB-Q9J7J-WGC7P-WMHYG Compaq, HP, IBM, etc., UK Edition
  HGBRM-RBK3V-M9FXV-YCXDK-V38J4 Apr 98 Beta
  MD97J-QC7R7-TQJGD-3V2WM-W7PVM came with English Developer's Connection
  Version. Seems to work with same CD's as T7J8Q above. Also Japanese
  version.
  D3Y8F-CM34T-BMGVJJCC-PGMBG
  MPRJW-T87XX-3QR6V-QDHYG-VW2MX
  DCTBRV9D-3TXP2-F89JKXWQ Universal key for all languages
  MP4F9-W6C8V-HTCCT-T7M7R-Y7K3Y
  BRC8V-TJ2MK-KB97T-WVYH6-MB4YB
  K4HVDTJCRXG-C9GR92D3 OEM French WIN98SE
  F6G3X-R7TMG-7HKWR-YHKQJ-KHJDQ
  BQRYF-BQ4BF-Q4VFX-D9PRC-YTCV7 French Update CD
  HBMPD86Y-9R8HM-4GM8H-TVG3Q UK Edition
  BHB6V-JYFJ8-V9CQDB6B-JCTXK UK Version
  FQHDX-PPG3C-6GYXT-GDFXG-7DQBM
  WHPPW-3WVYF-DFJGH-QKQFJM
  BY8YQ-W9WZ9-FFDV3-PDK2J-RYYYW
  QC-P7VK2-K2K7R-QX9WCDW3 UK Edition
  RV8RQ-6YTPD-HTPRC-C6G3G-TFKYF Upgrade
Windows 98 Second Edition Upgrade CD Key that should bypass the requirement to
have Win95 installed:
  H26WMW-6T4WY-P3GGR Win 98 Upgrade Second Edition, bypasses Win95
  requirement
Windows 98 Second Edition (SE) CD Keys you can try are:
  RW9MG-QR4GWRR9-TG7BHGXB Full Edition, English UK, French
  DKJQY-TMJGF-BYYPQ-Q2HB7-W2K3V Upgrade English, U.S. Version
  K4HVD-Q9TJCRX9-C9GRQ2D3 Win 98 Upgrade Second Edition, also 1st edition
  full retail
  HQ6K2-QPCHWDM-BF4KJ-W4XWJ Win 98 Second Edition, also Danish, Norwegian
  and Norwegian OEM, UK Edition (product ID OEM)
  JHDPY6C8-GGTJC-HYYWT-TF7MY Ver A Retail
  T7FCQ-XTD3Q-YY6QD-TGYJQ-7BPJJ UK Version
  HQ88R-P7JWC-4FYHY-DK6MV-HT3CD Plus SE U.S English Ver A
  T7J8Q-MH7RP-9H9JHVFG-C3X2M
  PC-WKHXTFV-H6XTP-JXFQM works with ver. English, UK Edition,
  also Packard Bell Master Recovery CD
  MKMXV-CDQGHHCX-3HM2C-G3T7B, UK Edition
  XQY3P-8MMD2-JC6M2-HJDYW-P6H7B, UK Edition
  d6xwh-xkvv6-t2fkb2kh-9h3yg from Compaq OEM system, UK Edition
  BBH2G-D2VK9-QD4M9-F63XBC33 Chinese Language, Full Installation
  J3R3W-VBVDFXTQB-HH8BY Australian English. Product Key , UK
  Edition
  TR9TQ-F4JRW-FXM4G-3H7V2-FH4J6 UK and Chinese Version
  W7XTC-2YWFB-K6BPT-GMHMV-B6FDY Second Edition English
  QMPMFD8RGV6-MMR3C-BQ7C3 UK Edition
  QCWJD-F94YQ-KWQXX-M48M3-MCFQW UK Edition
  WTY8X-CQPMX9TD-GBBD9-JKCXP (upgrade)
  WGJTT-2Q9MV-3TB8B-DQ77Y-C6QKB UK Edition
  TVYGH-VW-3CWT9-MQG66WR Upgrade
  DBRCB-D43K3-VY4G4-KVG4H-6FK9M Australia, Compaq
  PRDDHJD9-G6PKGF-6Y73B Dell OEM English and Dell upgrade

99 CD's have gone back to the shorter CD Key, but they have different formats
from the older keys. Try these:

This key is from MS Money Both this key and the following have been used
with Visual Studio 6 Professional Edition. The above key has been used with
Visual Basic 6 Fundamentals.

This key is from MS Works

A Serial Number for Visual Basic Professional Edition is:

This serial number is also supposed to work with Visual C++, FoxPro, J++, as
the Product ID for the Professional Edition.

A CD Key for Publisher

A CD Key for Office and Office 10 beta is:
MP4F9-W6C8V-HTCCT-T7M7R-Y7K3Y
with product ID of:

CDs Key for Office are:
  DRKJWQW-HGQKT-WGDBG-4RKY3 with product ID of
  Q2CXY-QYYJ4-QPTBH-WPCTB-9J4MM Volume/Corporate CD Key
  RX2RRDYWQY-7BC3J-XCFVB (Corporate CD Key)
  JFD4K-MKCDPR4H-7GFCQ-2C9KB Professional English SR1
  VVJ6H-DYTMT-PYCXBGDH-3JBRK Premium
  HQ6DG-JJ73M-C34Q7-W3G4H-CRB9Q UK Pro, Spanish Premium, and U.S. (standard
  upgrade) as well as Visio
  R7WB4-KQDHY-YTVRFJXC-W Spanish Premium
  C3KDQ-BJBMM-YVP9B-DQY7V-VBG9G English and Spanish SR-1, version
  CJ7XX-Y2BD8-V48XQ-KKBBPGD
Previously this list had included GC6J3-GTQFPFBR-D3DX8 but Office
has invalidated all installations using this key whenever SR-1 or SR-1A is
installed.

CD Keys for Office Professional are:
  H4GWM9C4-R8YWX-BYJFT-KKFQ3 Also works with Word portion of MS Works Suite
  (english and swedish) and Word as well as Word (HP OEM and
  others), SR1 OEM.
  DT3FT-BFH4M-GYYH8-PG9CK2FJ also premium, pre SP1
  P93G7-RVBJJ-YDQ3C-FGRGYDDY
  D6WTV-YRQ4G-7FM8F-X7C6D-YCW2B
  H4GWM9C4-R8YWX-BYJFT-KKFQ3
  BPTCXTJT-J4FF4-KY6CB-BJV6B
  DYGX3HDQ-C6KRY3CH-2W8BJ
  DT3FT-BFH4M-9YYH8-PGK2FJ (2nd Edition)
  RX2RRDYW-S29QY-7BC3J-XCFV3 (Corporate CD Key)
  DFKPR8TC-9XMJJ-4JVCY-WHTP9 academic version, product ID

CD Keys that worked for Office Premium are:
  MP4F9-W6C8V-HTCCT-T7M7R-Y7K3Y (Also Office 10 Beta 2)
  CFGBV-3MC8H-KW2XJ-8CVP6-KBRM9 (Also SR-1, but needs registration then).

A CD Key that worked for Works Suite is:
  KVCT4-RRKTTCFCT7B-CGRKD

CD Keys that worked for Office Small Business are:
  B3KX2-BR7CY-MFMXK-HXGQB-8HBDG
  J3GX9-MDBXBFC-CTQJ3-KFRM8, Also Windows ME Upgrade, Works Suite ,
  Publisher , Word (also SR-1 and OEM), Front Page and Office
  Professional version (service release 1, English and Norwegian).
  W6FXMJ3-JMVH2-VWPF4KMJ, Also Flight Simulator , Works Suite ,
  and Word OEM.

CD Keys for Office 10 for Mac are:
  HGRKYDF4X-VKPR8X76
  C43G9-T2J4R-4V8GX-F9TYQ-R42W4
  BDGFC-RTXTD6DD-XWX3H-HQDW8

A CD Key for Works a OEM version is:

This was just tried as a guess and worked. I would be interested if it worked
for any other MS applications.

CD Keys for Word are:
  BTBJBDP-KJ67Q-G2CMR-7JMDX Also Access SR1 under Windows XP and Vista
  WPBHRKWYRJ9-FKKDGDC8 Also Works Suite and
  GGX2P-DXCCPRKBYV-BP3JM
  XDDTT82YWDW-B9TVM9MD
  PF64V-RVBCV-4QJJG-7Q9VC-3DVRW Canadian version
  K42BC-F4TJR-7FK6X-YKJKY-3RW2M
  V32RD-JR2YJ-D8HJC-GKXQV-WCXTT Pro version

CD Keys for Front Page upgrade and full version are:
  DYQV3-XDB7C-T24YH-2Q93P-T4G7V Also Office Premium
  R6BRT-3DH6YBWG-H8T6CBXV Also Project and Publisher
  RYY3D-6XTJB-CDXQD-3JX9B-HM6JM
  KXCTV-BJYKM-MBVHF-BCVY4-Q4JDQ

CD Keys for Project Pro are:
  MDYBJGJ-CV7KY-H2BX4TT also worked with Visio
  F2CM8-WQBBB-W9PGK-FMX7B-DH8JC
  BF4RG-JP66C-VJJVWMGX-WCXPB
  J9QQD-4TBMWRRYV-QG3CH
  FJRYR-2RPVG-QJBFP-VHCKYVJW

A CD Key for Visio is:
  HQ6DG-JJ73M-C34Q7-W3G4H-CRB9Q
  Enterprise Edition>

CD Keys for Windows Professional are:
  G74HG-XXQTJ-RTXQKP3F-HKHXP
  F6PGG-4YYDJ-3FF3T-RP-3BXTG
  VXKCB3YF-W9MFK-QB3DB-9Y7MB Dell CD
  V8YCV-T66J9-YDHT3-D8X7W-QV89J Dell Blue and Green (business), SP4 OEM
  J4WH4-JXX2W-3FYM7-QJBB8-XKWD8
  QR8T4-P2JJXTP-F2RG8
  TXY8C-9XBJ3T-6F2DCYF U.S. Upgrade
  K3Y7V-XXWHC-8XT9Q-HH6TC-WMFYV U.S. Upgrade from MS
  RBDC9-VTRC8-DJ97JY-PRVMG Also worked with Windows Whistler, build as
  well as Upgrade
  J4WH4-JXX2W-3FYM7-QJBB8-XKWD8
  DDTPV-TXMX7-BBGJ9-WGY8K-B9GHM
  RMPRQQ-FR4RH-JP89HQYB Retail, Optiplex GX, Small Business Server,
  Israeli Compaq and Dell Latitude
  F63KX-K7WB2-J2Q4W-DYQCY-QTF9J
  DY26P-7W66J-MQQQ7-QGRTQ-X8PHJ Corporate CD
  RBDC9-VTRC8-DJ97JY-PRVMG evaluation key, days

CD Keys Windows Server are:
  VTWQ6-GQ4DB-RF2BW-RRMRR-WDMDT also SQL Server Personal Edition
  FFMTB-VQTFRK4K-DXCYM4FM
CD Keys that have worked for Windows Advanced Server are:
  H6TWQ-TQQM8-HXJYG-D69F7-R84VM also Business Server
  RBDC9-VTRC8-DJ97JY-PRVMG also Windows Pro, may be day evaluation
  key)
  KRJQ8-RQYRMXF-6TTXC-HD2VM

CD Keys that worked for Outlook are:
  WK4BC-8C9GD-WRCKV-DV39P-T8JKG also FrontPage , Work Suite , Gateway
  Work Suite
  QMFGWGX-QVGH8-WJDW4-JG9FW

Some keys that came with Windows ME (Millenium) are:
  B6BYC-6T7CPXRW-2XKWB-GYV33
  RBDC9-VTRC8-DJ97JY-PRVMG Also worked with Windows Whistler build
  HBTDPXT2MV-QBTTF-WPGGB
  Q6MD3-VG94N-C4M3X-W2WJ4-V7XJ7
  QVGV7-BK2X8-GQ8M2-CVP4Y-WTHDG
  QC4KJ-9QWCG-TD83Y-9Y9HT-HGYBB
  C2C8Q-2P36X-JHXPJ-9KQJT-BBGPT Del OEM
  R4J6Q-TT3GQ-FWVP9-K3XHR2GB Austrian Version
  FF8PG-YQQXVHW8-MC4K9-T8VPQ Full Version (Retail)

Some CD Keys that worked for Windows Millenium Upgrade are:
  XP87P-VJTGY-DB2RC-7HCTDT34
  MXMF7-DR8TP-K87XG-KKVGR
  MMMY3-BHC8M-6K86H-9RYDG-HPGYF
  PDMVJ-MFXTK-JJKK9-QY2DMG2X

Some CD Keys that worked with Office XP are:
  XFX2YDHH-8XHX3-RXRCTCD worked with Premium edition, also Word and UK
  edition with FrontPage
  FM9FY-TMF7Q-KCKCT-V9TTBBBG worked with corporate Pro Enterprise and
  Professional editions, does not check in with MS
  Q4FMQ4YG-JCWHM-KF4QR-GRXWY Volume/Corporate CD Applications
  HWB6C-8R8YY-M4MPXBC78G Volume/Corporate CD Suites
  RYXMW-P6PFM-YC2GP-YWX2R-9VY9G Retail Applications
  VBVRC-TKK6YHD7-FVGGB-JF36J Retail Suites
  DYGWQ-D3FYG-V89BY-8KPGYM9M
  QHV8Q-JYYYQ-WDBWP-9GCPY-P77JB Professional
  QX97T-8R9FY-M3HGX-KGXYD-R3C8T Seems to be 49 trial version

CD Keys for Windows XP Professional are:
  FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8 Corporate version and upgrade, no mandatory
  registration if you have corporate version! However, SP1 will reject this and
  others as described in the labmice article below. Now black flagged.
  PQGRHKG-2X3P7-H2DH2-HRM96 Corporate generated, WGA OK for now.
  JVM7Y4-MXMJDDJM-BM6JY Corporate generated
  RG6Q6-JRJQR-JMY3X-DPR7TK86 Corporate generated
  W7VY8-R3HK7-J68PB-TQ4DF-B87M2 Corporate generated
  FRQF8-RW2FT-MHFWB-GRQKP-T9GV2 Corporate generated
  TKFFC-RMY9G-DD3HQ-JKPG9-AX6HD Volume License (may be post SP1)
  BQ92H-YPC9T-3MCMY-7PPHJ3JF Retail version
  KBGVG-DKBQPTM-3DC9F-HYV83 Retail version
  3KFB7-X2Q3M-6MWFX-W2Y7V-C7M9B
  BBK3H-PPH6P-G8YV7-FMBHM-2RV2P OEM SP1 compatible
  BVFKG-7MXPW-Y6RVF-CMDFYRR7 OEM SP1 compatible
  RBR8H-YBHRY-XVD8C-Q47YW-Y62CC OEM SP1 compatible

CD Keys for Windows XP Home Edition are:
  C6QQT-DYQ7H-HG39T-H47FX-Q3JD2 upgrade
  RXRKX-XV3VXH-7YWKMKT OEM
  KVRDW-RCY6W-G3CKY-KFXMX-D3W4G Dell OEM
  GW26P-KHYXT-WZWVT-HYTKWBFD Dell OEM
  DCDYV-4MCRQ-9MD6G-BHVXV-J9XK8

A CD Key for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition is:
  VQXTT-F82HQ-JYJGV-PV3F9-GCX4T

CD Keys for Microsoft Windows XP Professional Corporate:
  XBW9V-TTX2T-X9W8RGV7-QTYDQ
  FF2YY-8P3XF-C7FKC-HR7YV-9G2PK
  XPW7F-4GXDW-WYTWW-Q8WC2-DJ2CR
  MBFTH2VC-WM-PV9YF-9CGKD
  GJWWMTWW-2CDQ2JBK-PH7W8
  XR3WH-V9YVD-XMPDGRXB-7C3HJ SP2
  V2CMK7JD-3R89F-D2KXW-VPK3J SP2
  CCMWPTKCYFGKBW-F9WJT SP2
  BR89Q-4B9GB-9DPFD-M2PY3-R3F83 SP2
  DP7CM-PD6MC-6BKXT-M8JJ6-RPXGJ SP3
  FRCWJP-PC-YY23Y-XH8W3 SP3
  HH7VV-6P3GTWK-QKJJ3-MXR96 SP3
  HCQ9D-TVCWX-X9QRG-J4B2Y-GR2TT SP3
  QCDM3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD SP3
  MRX3FB9TJ-KWKMF-RPWBY SP3
  XP8BF-F8HPF-PY6BX-K24PJ-TWT6M SP3
  CM3HYVYW-6JRYC-X66GX-JVY2D SP3
  GHMWR-QXVFB-PGT3T-V92XB-PRTR8 SP3
  RVB3K-JC3KG-D9W6J-9VQHT SP3
  W3BWH-B4RWY-YVPJM-TDD8G-H8FQM SP3
  C4HWV-K7DV9-QJ67G-3YWJ6-TX72Q SP3
  K4KFH-K7DFB-4HBWH-3DCHQ-WFY6Y SP3
  W3YDB-YC-YR3QP-WJ7HR-YG7M6 SP3
  QGMP9-CCFBR-R4CFH-CYBDH-TXPVM SP3
  HX3CH-CFKFJ-XHFK7-YRVQH-VG4TY SP3
  MGJ7BHTK-QGVWCFMD-RGTGY SP3
  W4P6K-G7WJX-PB4MF-WWFV3 SP3
  WX6R3-K4KJ8-KK-J3MKP-7HF86 SP3
  QW76F-QY76K-QWVJP-4G7BVXVJ SP3
  CVW2J-WHFJTDD-BC4CJCC8 SP3
  GKJQ2-W9MFK-XFV4X-6VGKBQGD SP3
  WWCYC-8GG4V-KM-GVK8B-KY SP3
  M3Y4R-CK87K-R9PPJQ2WXCM SP3
  HCQ9D-TVCWX-X9QRG-J4B2Y-GR2TT SP3
  QCDM3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD SP3
  MRX3FB9TJ-KWKMF-RPWBY SP3

A CD Key for Publisher is:
  WK4BC-8C9GD-WRCKV-DV39P-T8JKG

CD Keys for Publisher XP are:
  dy6wq-d3fyg-v89by-8kpgyw9m also worked with Visio and Publisher Pro
  J8QDP-DW6B8-F37BF-XHQKF-7CPQ8

A CD Key for Visio Enterprise Network Tools is:
  HJDQ6D-7K7RK-DD7RM-TQGRB Volume/Corporate CD

CD Keys for Works Suite are:
  B8R3F-C6YPV-WX43W-M7PKG-PQV2Q Gateway OEM
  RMRJP-CV-W7B3G-QBQ3C-VCWYY

CD Keys for Publisher are:
  KHTG7-CTRJVGVJ-8T3CRD3B
  KDMPC-8YHTG-J6P3W-WYX9P-CD9T3
  QD3G3-RYVKW-PPQ7B-9BQ3R-HJXKM

A CD Key for Project Pro is:
  QD3FF-TYBPF-MX7H4-JGW26YG

A CD Key for Visual Pro is:
  QCJ3XCWW-CK4M8-G2XT6-XXT93

A CD Key for Visual Studio .NET is:
  D64GG-GXY6T-V6FTR-WCPBB-2YDYB

A CD Key for Visual FoxPro is:
  TCJC7-H2QDH-3T7G7-R6RTM-YRK3Y

A CD Key for Visual FoxPro is:
  DTCDY-QTCH8-CHFMD7QD-PDKRW Professional, Retail, full version

A CD Key for Office XP Pro is:
  R6VRG-D96FT-2VPRH-RYRVMXB3

A CD Key for Project Pro is:
  dy6wq-d3fyg-v89by-8kpgyw9m (and regular)

A CD Key for Works Suite is:
  K64YY-JRMKM-7DJJF-F2DK also Word and Outlook , may be 50 use
  trial key.

A CD Key for Word is:
  HM6W4-KPQCRPFM-VXXJBXJJ (may be trial version with 50 uses)

CD Keys for Microsoft Office are:
  GWHDGCMP-P6RCJ4MT-3HFDY (appears to be VLK, no activation with MS, now
  blocked from updates)
  GC6J3-GTQFPFBR-D3DX8

A CD Key for Microsoft Frontpage is:
  WFWDY-XQXJF-RHRYG-BG7RQ-BBDHM (appears to be VLK, no actrivation with MS)

A CD Key for Works Suite is:
  KDQK3-QR72W-TBR3F-DJJHM-TGKF6 (Word )

CD Keys for Publisher are:
  WH-2PQKV-4VRQY-7BPFWRRT
  FCQDB-WXCWBD-G2FPG-JH7JY
  GWHDGCMP-P6RCJ4MT-3HFDY Professional V
  WFDWY-XQXJF-RHRYG-BG7RQ-BBDHM (rest) FRONTPAGE ,VISIO PRO, PROJECT
  PRO, ONENOTE

CD Keys for Windows Advanced Server are:
  QW32KT2T-3D2PJ-DXBWY-C6WRJ
  WV72V-9VHTM-D8BVH-2H7WY-C63GQ
  JGYXYKJ-6CMTM-WTPXJ-7PG6M

These keys will probably stop working once Microsoft black lists them so they
won't activate (will install). However, here is a link to a thread which talks
about how to convert an evaluation copy of Advanced Server into a regular
copy.

A CD Key for Office Mac (for Mac's) is:
  BJFFJ-HTWVM-6RYP8-D9DJD-9QPQ6
A CD Key for Works Suite (including Word ) is:
  FK3TF-FJX6X-MXXBT-XVJ4R-7HRX8

A CD Key for Microsoft Office S & T Edition Trial with Microsoft Works
Standard and Microsoft MSN Encarta Standard is:
  PY4R9-QHM6B-V7XJH-6F4Q3-PXQTJ

CD Keys for Windows Longhorn beta is:
  CKYQ8QRH-X3KMR-C6BCY-TY

CD Keys for Microsoft Office Professional:
  Main Program: CKY4Q-9FXX6-CQVKV-HPF2B-8BPMB Rest of the Programs:
  CBM4T-RTQRFDD-GRFKWKVM
  Main Program: C98BM-B79CD-VD9JC-QPJP8-QK8YB Rest of the Programs:
  GR9JQFPR-HJXPX-BVWMT-VKMQY
  Main Program: JMCKC-7QJCW-Y47KMQ7-BTH3Y Rest of the Programs:
  CCCX9-HK3XKX-T3HK9-RMPMB
  Main Program: D7XYV-3J3TY-XTBYY-TR74V-8XTBB Rest of the Programs:
  K2TDJ-QQY9Y-HDRF6-R2GK2-MVQHM
  Main Program: CXB7M-T7R9V-Q9HVW-4X2BP-WF8YB Rest of the Programs:
  GD4JD-2CBPD-XWRHQTKGPMB

CD Keys for Microsoft Windows XP Professional X64 Edition Corporate Keys:
  FVMKDD4BMBJB2-R4XWM
  DHR8WGX3-YWPM9-P98K2-B2V4Y
  DDR6D-XMQ6VY2B-B6TP4-YXMRY
  J4K6H-DTTFF-YRYYY-WP22T-KKTCB
  J3TQR-Y79H8-QM8XJD8K-9KXWM

CD Keys for Microsoft Windows Server X64 Edition:
  BXDQGH3V-XG44M-MDXGW-CBYQY
  CBTJF-TYCCXYYY-C4J6C-8YT7M
  HDGRW-C8Q4RRBK-YJ3R6-K7FDY
  CTVHW-F7BJ4-JM77H-CWJ2X-9MYQY
  HW7YDR2J-PYPQ4-FTYMH-FBT7M

CD Keys for Microsoft Visual FoxPro
  P2PHY-RYG9Y-V4FP4V7-HC9KV
  R8HVY-JDVRY8JM-JQ4QJV3P
  JY8CPTJ-V4RKDBCM-GJTDB
  MJKJVQ-KC7XH-GWQ8J-GDFP9
  JKKHT-KYJKK-2G4RJ-TQHR7W

CD Keys for Microsoft Operations Manager
  PCXMB-TWW2R-8HHDB-2TTWB8CW
  HMDWBX4X-XHVHP-RCCFH-2KQ7Q
  TP2XP-T28W6-CKBWR-V67WW-VY
  D7HH2-CV9TX-T4QCQ-RVX6F-6KRWD
  M76YK-4JH9M-KDYR6-QC3KT-GH3RH

CD Keys for Microsoft Office Communicator
  QF9JQ-WJBFR-GXVYX-YBMMD-PWVTV
  D4FK7MMBQ3-YJ8MY-XCDTM
  J7H8P-4T9YR-JR32X-RGKMV-2T49H
  CFWDMCKG-PKXK6-R2BPY-K9Q6T
  WDH2X-4XBYT-KJ7KYXWTMQV

CD Keys for Microsoft ISA Server
  G2VKQ-PX4RK-VHKKF-QWKFR-TYDT7
  M3RWW-W2F3H-KKCP6-HF7KY-FMM47
  C7P2R-KGVDQ-7PW7K-C9HRM
  JM8P2-CXR4J-CF6P8-PQ8RF-XFXHP
  JM8P2-CXR4J-CF6P8-PQ8RF-XFXHP

CD Keys for Microsoft Business Network Professional Server v
  WX-KFKVYV6-HDCJ6-FCHCF
  KG-CWCGW-4XV4V-4T3J2-HWQ9R
  HKTDV-2YG6W-BGQMM-VJ8DV-FXRR6
  JKKYT-MWCPMYTJ-PFFFY-4MW82
  TDBK9-XFG7D-PVXB3-WV43QK

CD Key for Microsoft Office Enterprise
  F3DJD-6FFQ4-XQTQF-PGKMDQ8

CD Key for Microsoft Office Visio\Project Professional
  HCFPT-K86VV-DCKHCCR-FM6HW

CD Key for Microsoft Office Home and Student
  HBCD6YR7-CRP7H-T8VPPMW
  QXMDH-CRYFM-QFRHBT7RFQ
  P37JV-FYJYHH3T-KX7GX-7BJY3
  HRMGX-K8WKJ-7FBGW-FTBCY-DWCM3
  RCFMT-WFT7M-RR-BJQMB-M2KWD
  T9HJX-4C3BM-MG2R6-WCRCBRT
  BTT7P-9HBFP-6QHM7-RFHDV-X8XWG
  HWMMV-7H4DT-J2PJ6-YB8X4-VQCM6
  JM2QC-KMVTP-VR8GV-HJRKQ-YWXWG
  BHDK6BT7-T6PXP-BXKT4-X3G8D
  DDH8T-C2JGD-G6MWW-6CYBV-BDTB6

As these codes have been published on the web, they still allow activation, but
do not get past Genuine Advantage so you won't get non-security updates (no
enhancements, just security fixes). What to do?

CD Key for Microsoft Expression Web
  DDWJC-VFGHJ-7GFKQK3D-PFTHW

CD Key for Microsoft Windows Vista
  6F2DPCG6-YQQTB-FWK9VCC Asus Ultimate
  72PFD-BCBK8-R7X4H-6F2XJ-VVMP9 Asus Business
  BHXT3FK-MJKJH-6GQT2-QXQMF Asus Home Premium
  8XPMF9HD-4JJQP-TP64Y-RPFFV Asus Home Premium
  2WPKHTH2-KC7KG-4YRH8PHC Asus Home Basic
  HW-QD98X-TQVXJ-8RKRQ-RJC9V Asus Home Basic
  2TYBW-XKCQM-XY9X3-JDXYP-6CJ97 Acer Home Premium
  6F2DPCG6-YQQTB-FWK9VCC HP Ultimate
  2R6WF-KYFHYQ-XTKW2-WQD8Q HP Home Premium
  GP3FQ-JBCW8F-HB-7PMGF HP Home Premium
  34BKK-QK76Y-WWR7C-QF2MTB37 Lenovo Home Premium
  TCP8W-T8PQJ-WWRRH-QH76CFBW Beta1

CD Keys for Microsoft Media Center or
  B6GKW-PHJDRFBV-TFY3RJ23
  C82GJ-YHGBT-R7XV7-M7Y4B
  C4BH3-P4J7W-9MT6X-PGKC8-J4JTM
  RD6WDT-DMHQH-4RVKW-WY6PG
  KCQ9Q-FTBMHTWV-M7DKM-T4BFB

A most kind person sent me a load of other Windows OS keys. I will present them
all in a separate page for you to look through if none of the above worked.
Hope your reinstallation goes well.

Windows is a business-oriented operating system that was produced by Microsoft and was released as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was succeeded by Windows XP in , releasing to manufacturing on December 15, ^[2] and being officially released to retail on February 17, ^[3] It is the successor to Windows NT

Four editions of Windows were released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server;^[6] the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions.^[7] While each edition of Windows was targeted at a different market, they shared a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console and standard system administration applications.

Windows introduces NTFS ,^[8]Encrypting File System,^[9] as well as basic and dynamic disk storage.^[10] Support for people with disabilities was improved over Windows NT with a number of new assistive technologies,^[11] and Microsoft increased support for different languages^[12] and locale information.^[13] The Windows Server family has additional features, most notably the introduction of Active Directory,^[14] which in the years following became a widely used directory service in business environments.

Microsoft marketed Windows as the most secure Windows version ever at the time;^[15] however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such as Code Red^[16] and Nimda.^[17] For ten years after its release, it continued to receive patches for security vulnerabilities nearly every month until reaching the end of its lifecycle on July 13, ^[5]

Windows is the last version of Microsoft Windows to display the "Windows NT" designation, and the last version where the desktop and server versions of Windows shared the same name. It is succeeded by Windows XP (released in October ) and Windows Server (released in April ).

History[edit]

Windows is a continuation of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems, replacing Windows NT The original name for the operating system was Windows NT and the first beta was released in September , followed by Beta 2 in August ^[18] On October 27, , Microsoft announced that the name of the final version of the operating system would be Windows , a name which referred to its projected release date.^[19] Windows Beta 3 was released in May ^[18] NT Beta 1 was similar to NT , including a very similarly themed logo. NT Beta 2 introduced a new 'mini' boot screen, and removed the 'dark space' theme in the logo. The NT betas had very long startup and shutdown sounds, though these were changed in the early Windows beta, but during Beta 3, a new piano-made startup and shutdown sounds were made, featured in the final version as well as in Windows Me. The new login prompt from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build (the first build of Beta 3). The new, updated icons (for My Computer, Recycle Bin etc.) first appeared in Beta 3 build The Windows boot screen in the final version first appeared in Beta 3 build Windows did not have a codename because, according to Dave Thompson of Windows NT team, "Jim Allchin didn't like codenames".^[20]

Windows Service Pack 1 was codenamed "Asteroid"^{[21][dead link]} and Windows bit was codenamed "Janus."^[22][23] During development, there was a build for the Alpha which was abandoned some time after RC1^[24] after Compaq announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft issued three release candidates between July and November , and finally released the operating system to partners on December 12, ^[25] The public could buy the full version of Windows on February 17, Three days before this event, which Microsoft advertised as "a standard in reliability," a leaked memo from Microsoft reported on by Mary Jo Foley revealed that Windows had "over 63, potential known defects."^[26] After Foley's article was published, she claimed that Microsoft blacklisted her for a considerable time.^[27] However, Abraham Silberschatz et al. claim in their computer science textbook that "Windows was the most reliable, stable operating system Microsoft had ever shipped to that point. Much of this reliability came from maturity in the source code, extensive stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many serious errors in drivers."^[28]InformationWeek summarized the release "our tests show the successor to NT is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either."^[29]Wired News later described the results of the February launch as "lackluster."^[30]Novell criticized Microsoft's Active Directory, the new directory service architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own Novell Directory Services (NDS) alternative.^[31]

Windows was initially planned to replace both Windows 98 and Windows NT However, this changed later, as an updated version of Windows 98 called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in

On or shortly before February 12, , "portions of the Microsoft Windows and Windows NT source code were illegally made available on the Internet."^[32] The source of the leak remains unannounced. Microsoft issued the following statement:

"Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it."

Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the file-sharing networks. On February 16, , an exploit "allegedly discovered by an individual studying the leaked source code"^[32] for certain versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer was reported.

Microsoft planned to release a bit version of Windows , which would run on bit Intel Itaniummicroprocessors, in ^[33][34] However, the first officially released bit version of Windows was Windows XP Bit Edition, released alongside the bit editions of Windows XP on October 25, ,^[35] followed by the server versions Windows Datacenter Server Limited Edition and later Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition, which were based on the pre-release Windows Server (then known as Windows .NET Server) codebase.^[36][37] These editions were released in , were shortly available through the OEM channel and then were superseded by the final versions of Server ^[37]

New and updated features[edit]

Windows introduced many of the new features of Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE into the NT line,^[38] such as the Windows Desktop Update,^[38]Internet Explorer&#;5 (Internet Explorer&#;6, which followed in , is also available for Windows ),^[38]Outlook Express, NetMeeting, FAT32 support,^[39]Windows Driver Model,^[40]Internet Connection Sharing,^[38]Windows Media Player, WebDAV support^[41] etc. Certain new features are common across all editions of Windows , among them NTFS ,^[8] the Microsoft Management Console (MMC),^[42]UDF support, the Encrypting File System (EFS),^[43]Logical Disk Manager,^[44] Image Color Management ,^[45] support for PostScript 3-based printers,^[45]OpenType and Type 1 PostScript font support^[45] (including a new font—Palatino Linotype—to showcase some OpenType features^[46]), the Data protection API (DPAPI),^[47] an LDAP/Active Directory-enabled Address Book,^[48] usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. Windows also introduced USB device class drivers for USB printers, Mass storage class devices,^[49] and improved FireWire SBP-2 support for printers and scanners, along with a Safe removal applet for storage devices.^[50] Windows is also the first Windows version to support hibernation at the operating system level (OS-controlled ACPI S4 sleep state) unlike Windows 98 which required special drivers from the hardware manufacturer or driver developer.^[51]

A new capability designed to protect critical system files called Windows File Protection was introduced. This protects critical Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as the Package Installer, Windows Installer and other update components from modifying them.^[52] The System File Checker utility provides users the ability to perform a manual scan of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally repair them, either by restoring from a cache stored in a separate "DLLCACHE" directory, or from the original install media.

Microsoft recognized that a serious error (a Blue Screen of Death or stop error) could cause problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred.^[53] Also included is an option to dump any of the first 64 KB of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for debugging purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows event log.^[53] In order to improve performance on servers running Windows , Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications.^[54] Windows also introduced core system administration and management features as the Windows Installer,^[55]Windows Management Instrumentation^[56] and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)^[57] into the operating system.

Plug and Play and hardware support improvements[edit]

The most notable improvement from Windows NT is the addition of Plug and Play with full ACPI and Windows Driver Model support. Similar to Windows 9x, Windows supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs and device notification events. The addition of the kernel PnP Manager along with the Power Manager are two significant subsystems added in Windows

Windows introduced version 3 print drivers (user mode printer drivers)^[58] based on Unidrv, which made it easier for printer manufacturers to write device drivers for printers.^[59] Generic support for 5-button mice is also included as standard ^[60] and installing IntelliPoint allows reassigning the programmable buttons. Windows 98 lacked generic support.^[61]Driver Verifier was introduced to stress test and catch device driver bugs.^[62]

Shell[edit]

Windows introduces layered windows that allow for transparency, translucency and various transition effects like shadows, gradient fills and alpha-blended GUI elements to top-level windows.^[63] Menus support a new Fade transition effect.

Improvements in Windows Explorer: "Web-style" folders, media preview and customizable toolbars

The Start menu in Windows introduces personalized menus, expandable special folders and the ability to launch multiple programs without closing the menu by holding down the key. A Re-sort button forces the entire Start Menu to be sorted by name. The Taskbar introduces support for balloon notifications which can also be used by application developers. Windows Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbars, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, advanced file type association features, displaying comments in shortcuts as tooltips, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, integrated search pane in Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menus, and Places bar in common dialogs for Open and Save.

Windows Explorer has been enhanced in several ways in Windows It is the first Windows NT release to include Active Desktop, first introduced as a part of Internet Explorer (specifically Windows Desktop Update), and only pre-installed in Windows 98 by that time.^[64] It allowed users to customize the way folders look and behave by using HTML templates, having the file extension. This feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts, Java applets, or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C^[65] and manicapital.coma.^[66]

The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane.^[67] Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in Windows Vista, Windows had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default. However, such a previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the Windows Desktop Update installed through the use of folder customization templates.^[68] The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments;^[69] this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage document. All Microsoft Office documents since Office ^[70] make use of structured storage, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows Explorer default tooltip. File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer Details view.^[71]

The right pane of Windows Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer. It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files.^[64] This degree of customizability is new to Windows ; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it.^[72] The new DHTML-based search pane is integrated into Windows Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions. The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database.^[73]

NTFS [edit]

Microsoft released the version of NTFS^[8] (sometimes incorrectly called "NTFS 5" in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows ; this introduced disk quotas (provided by QuotaAdvisor), file-system-level encryption, sparse files and reparse points. Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros.^[74]Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner.^[75] Reparse points are used to implement volume mount points, junctions, Hierarchical Storage Management, Native Structured Storage and Single Instance Storage.^[75] Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another.

Windows also introduces a Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure file shortcuts remain working even if the target is moved or renamed. The target object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file on NTFS and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts, so that the shortcut file may be silently updated if the target moves, even to another hard drive.^[76]

Encrypting File System[edit]

The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong file system-level encryption to Windows. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user.^[43] EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Runtime Library (FSRTL).^[77] To date, its encryption has not been compromised.^{[citation needed]}

EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric keycipher were used.^[77] The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user.^[78]

For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built into EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using Group Policy.

Basic and dynamic disk storage[edit]

Windows introduced the Logical Disk Manager and the diskpart command line tool for dynamic storage.^[10] All versions of Windows support three types of dynamic disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volumes, spanned volumes and striped volumes:

• Simple volume, a volume with disk space from one disk.
• Spanned volumes, where up to 32 disks show up as one, increasing it in size but not enhancing performance. When one disk fails, the array is destroyed. Some data may be recoverable. This corresponds to JBOD and not to RAID
• Striped volumes, also known as RAID-0, store all their data across several disks in stripes. This allows better performance because disk reads and writes are balanced across multiple disks. Like spanned volumes, when one disk in the array fails, the entire array is destroyed (some data may be recoverable).

In addition to these disk volumes, Windows Server, Windows Advanced Server, and Windows Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity:

• Mirrored volumes, also known as RAID-1, store identical copies of their data on 2 or more identical disks (mirrored). This allows for fault tolerance; in the event one disk fails, the other disk(s) can keep the server operational until the server can be shut down for replacement of the failed disk.
• Striped volumes with parity, also known as RAID-5, functions similar to striped volumes/RAID-0, except "parity data" is written out across each of the disks in addition to the data. This allows the data to be "rebuilt" in the event a disk in the array needs replacement.

Accessibility[edit]

With Windows , Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities into the NT-line of operating systems.^[11] These included:

• StickyKeys: makes modifier keys (, and ) become "sticky": a user can press the modifier key, and then release it before pressing the combination key. (Activated by pressing Shift five times quickly.)
• FilterKeys: a group of keyboard-related features for people with typing issues, including:
  • Slow Keys: Ignore any keystroke not held down for a certain period.
  • Bounce Keys: Ignore repeated keystrokes pressed in quick succession.
  • Repeat Keys: lets users slow down the rate at which keys are repeated via the keyboard's key-repeat feature.
• Toggle Keys: when turned on, Windows will play a sound when the , or key is pressed.
• SoundSentry: designed to help users with auditory impairments, Windows shows a visual effect when a sound is played through the sound system.
• MouseKeys: lets users move the cursor around the screen via the numeric keypad.
• SerialKeys: lets Windows support speech augmentation devices.
• High contrast theme: to assist users with visual impairments.
• Microsoft Magnifier: a screen magnifier that enlarges a part of the screen the cursor is over.^[79]

Additionally, Windows introduced the following new accessibility features:

Languages and locales[edit]

Windows introduced the Multilingual User Interface (MUI).^[12] Besides English, Windows incorporates support for Arabic, Armenian, Baltic, Central European, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkic, Vietnamese and Western European languages.^[81] It also has support for many different locales.^[13]

Games[edit]

Windows included version of the DirectXAPI, commonly used by game developers on Windows ^[82] The last version of DirectX that was released for Windows was DirectX c (Shader Model ), which shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX c through the February release after which support was dropped in the June SDK. These updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as D3DX, XAudio 2, XInput and Managed DirectX components. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX c (up to the February release) can therefore run on Windows

Windows included the same games as Windows NT did: FreeCell, Minesweeper, Pinball, and Solitaire.^[83]

System utilities[edit]

Windows 's Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. This image shows a disk defragmentation in progress.

Windows introduced the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools.^[42] Each of these is called a console, and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins.^[42] These can be either standalone (with one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode.^[42] Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console.^[84]

The main tools that come with Windows can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel).^[85] This contains the Event Viewer—a means of seeing events and the Windows equivalent of a log file,^[86] a system information utility, a backup utility, Task Scheduler and management consoles to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage COM+ applications, configure Group Policy,^[87] manage all the local users and user groups, and a device manager.^[88] It contains Disk Management and Removable Storage snap-ins,^[89] a disk defragmenter as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts. It also contains a service configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. CHKDSK has significant performance improvements.^[90]

Windows comes with two utilities to edit the Windows registry, manicapital.com and REGEDTEXE.^[91] REGEDIT has been directly ported from Windows 98, and therefore does not support editing registry permissions.^[91] REGEDT32 has the older multiple document interface (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32 program could. REGEDIT has a left-side tree view of the Windows registry, lists all loaded hives and represents the three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. REGEDIT supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions to be performed from the top menu bar. Windows XP is the first system to integrate these two programs into a single utility, adopting the REGEDIT behavior with the additional NT features.^[91]

The System File Checker (SFC) also comes with Windows It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism. It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder.^[92]

Recovery Console[edit]

The Recovery Console is usually used to recover unbootable systems.

The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows ^[93] It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk. It includes commands like 'fixmbr', which are not present in MS-DOS.

It has a simple command line interface, used to check and repair the hard drive(s), repair boot information (including NTLDR), replace corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot.

The console can be accessed in either of the two ways:

1. Booting from the Windows CD, and choosing to start the Recovery Console from the CD itself instead of continuing with setup. The Recovery Console is accessible as long as the installation CD is available.
2. Preinstalling the Recovery Console on the hard disk as a startup option in , via WinNTexe, with the /cmdcons switch.^[94] In this case, it can only be started as long as NTLDR can boot from the system partition.

Windows Scripting Host [edit]

Windows introduced Windows Script Host which included an expanded object model and support for logon and logoff scripts.

Networking[edit]

• Starting with Windows , the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol directly interfaces with TCP/IP. In Windows NT , SMB requires the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) protocol to work on a TCP/IP network.
• Windows introduces a client-side DNS caching service. When the Windows DNS resolver receives a query response, the DNS resource record is added to a cache. When it queries the same resource record name again and it is found in the cache, then the resolver does not query the DNS server. This speeds up DNS query time and reduces network traffic.

Server family features[edit]

The Windows server family consists of Windows Server, Windows Advanced Server, Windows Small Business Server, and Windows Datacenter Server.

All editions of Windows Server have the following services and features built in:

• Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) support, facilitating dial-up and VPN connections using IPsec, L2TP or L2TP/IPsec, support for RADIUS authentication in Internet Authentication Service, network connection sharing, Network Address Translation, unicast and multicastrouting schemes.
• Remote access security features: Remote Access Policies for setup, verify Caller ID (IP address for VPNs), callback and Remote access account lockout^[95]
• Autodial by location feature using the Remote Access Auto Connection Managerservice
• Extensible Authentication Protocol support in IAS (EAP-MD5 and EAP-TLS) later upgraded to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAP-EAP-TLS in Windows SP4
• DNS server, including support for Dynamic DNS. Active Directory relies heavily on DNS.
• IPsec support and TCP/IP filtering
• Smart card support
• Microsoft Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) and Connection Point Services
• Support for distributed file systems (DFS)
• Hierarchical Storage Management support including remote storage,^[96] a service that runs with NTFS and automatically transfers files that are not used for some time to less expensive storage media
• Fault tolerant volumes, namely Mirrored and RAID-5
• Group Policy (part of Active Directory)
• IntelliMirror, a collection of technologies for fine-grained management of Windows Professional clients that duplicates users' data, applications, files, and settings in a centralized location on the network. IntelliMirror employs technologies such as Group Policy, Windows Installer, Roaming profiles, Folder Redirection, Offline Files (also known as Client Side Caching or CSC), File Replication Service (FRS), Remote Installation Services (RIS) to address desktop management scenarios such as user data management, user settings management, software installation and maintenance.
• COM+, Microsoft Transaction Server and Distributed Transaction Coordinator
• MSMQ
• TAPI
• Integrated Windows Authentication (including Kerberos, Secure channel and SPNEGO (Negotiate) SSP packages for Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)).
• MS-CHAP v2 protocol
• Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Enterprise Certificate Authority support
• Terminal Services and support for the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
• Internet Information Services (IIS) and Windows Media Services
• Network Quality of Service features^[97]
• A new Windows Time service which is an implementation of Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) as detailed in IETF RFC&#; The Windows Time service synchronizes the date and time of computers in a domain^[98] running on Windows Server or later. Windows Professional includes an SNTP client.

The Server editions include more features and components, including the Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS), Active Directory support and fault-tolerant storage.

Distributed File System[edit]

The Distributed File System (DFS) allows shares in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. When users try to access a network share off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share. A DFS root can only exist on a Windows version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server.

There can be two ways of implementing a DFS namespace on Windows either through a standalone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain – this provides fault tolerance to DFS. DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft File Replication Service (FRS).^[99]

Active Directory[edit]

A new way of organizing Windows network domains, or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model. Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous domain name space to form trees. Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together to form forests.

Active Directory services could always be installed on a Windows Server, Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows Professional computer. However, Windows Professional is the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function until all clients were upgraded to Windows Professional, at which point the Active Directory domain could be switched to native mode and maximum functionality achieved.

Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports SRV resource records, or that an organization's existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this. There should be one or more domain controllers to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory directory services.

Volume fault tolerance[edit]

Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of Windows also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes:

• Mirrored volumes: the volume contains several disks, and when data is written to one it is also written to the other disks. This means that if one disk fails, the data can be totally recovered from the other disk. Mirrored volumes are also known as RAID
• RAID-5 volumes: a RAID-5 volume consists of multiple disks, and it uses block-level striping with parity data distributed across all member disks. Should a disk fail in the array, the parity blocks from the surviving disks are combined mathematically with the data blocks from the surviving disks to reconstruct the data on the failed drive "on-the-fly."

Deployment[edit]

Windows can be deployed to a site via various methods. It can be installed onto servers via traditional media (such as CD) or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or unattended. During a manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options. Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file, or a predefined script in the form of an INI file that has all the options filled in. An answer file can be created manually or using the graphical Setup manager. The manicapital.com or Winntexe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation. Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), via the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), via the Winntexe program using the /syspart switch or via Remote Installation Services (RIS). The ability to slipstream a service pack into the original operating system setup files is also introduced in Windows ^[]

The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer – though the hardware need not be similar – and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer to the target computers. The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware configured later. The manicapital.com program must also be passed a /unattend switch that points to a valid answer file and a /s file that points to one or more valid installation sources.

Sysprep allows the duplication of a disk image on an existing Windows Server installation to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the reference and target computers must have the same HALs, ACPI support, and mass storage devices – though Windows automatically detects "plug and play" devices. The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. (If a system had different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images would need to be maintained.)

Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows These must be running Windows NT , Windows NT , Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2.x along with the SMS client agent that can receive software installation operations. Using SMS allows installations over a wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems.

Remote Installation Services (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows Professional (and not Windows Server) to a local computer over a network from a central server. Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine. This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows Professional computers on a network.^[] RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a network interface card that has a Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot ROM installed or that the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote boot disk generator. The remote computer must also meet the Net PC specification. The server that RIS runs on must be Windows Server and it must be able to access a network DNS Service, a DHCP service and the Active Directory services.^[]

Editions[edit]

Microsoft released various editions of Windows for different markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each was packaged separately.

Windows Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for businesses and power users. It is the client version of Windows It offers greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop operating systems. It supports up to two processors, and can address up to 4&#;GB of RAM. The system requirements are a Pentium processor (or equivalent) of &#;MHz or greater, at least 32&#;MB of RAM, &#;MB of hard drive space, and a CD-ROM drive (recommended: Pentium II, &#;MB of RAM, 2&#;GB of hard drive space, and CD-ROM drive).^[]

Windows Server shares the same user interface with Windows Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to perform server roles and run infrastructure and application software. A significant new component introduced in the server versions is Active Directory, which is an enterprise-wide directory service based on LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). Additionally, Microsoft integrated Kerberos network authentication, replacing the often-criticised NTLM (NT LAN Manager) authentication system used in previous versions. This also provided a purely transitive-trust relationship between Windows domains in a forest

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