Magic File Renamer v4.0 serial key or number

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+ New Features for v(build )

  Improved Apple DMG format support. Can open/convert/burn most DMG images including MAC OSX Leopard.

  Support disk image  with NTFS/EXT partitions.

  Some minor improvements and bug fixes.

  Supported operation systems:  Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows , Windows XP, Windows ,  
       Windows   Vista, Windows , Windows 7,Windows 8,Windows XP x64 Edition, Windows x64 Edition,
       Windows Vista x64 Edition, Windows x64 Edition, Windows 7 x64 Edition,Windows 8 x64 Edition 

+ New Features for v(build )

   Can open/extract/convert GBI file.

   Can open/extract Blu-Ray ISO file.

   Improving CD/DVD burning .

  Some minor improvements and bug fixes.

+ New Features for v(build )

   Can mount ISO file on Microsoft Windows 7.

  Can open/extract/burn/convert DAA file.

   Fixed bug on opening cue file.

   Optimized for Microsoft Windows 7 and Server.

   Some minor improvements and bug fixes.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Can open/extract/edit FAT32 disk image.

   Optimized for Microsoft Vista.

   Some minor improvements and bug fixes.
 

+ New Features for v(build )

   Supports shell extension for standard users on 64bit Windows XP//Vista.

   Can set pause between tracks in audio CD.

   Fixed a bug with handling multi-session NRG file.

   Some minor improvements and bug fixes.
 

+ New Features for v(build )

  Can open/extract/burn/convert DAA file.

  Supports dual-layer .NRG images.

  Can burn Multi-Session .NRG images.

  Optimized for dual/quad core processors in compress operation;

  Improved Apple DMG format support including MAC OSX

  Some minor improvements and bug fixes.

+ New Features for v(build )

   Fixed the bug on managing virtual CD/DVD without administrator rights under Vista.

   Optimized for Microsoft Vista.

   Fixed the bug on opening and mounting MDS/MDF file

   Improves on burning CD/DVD image on-the-fly.

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

+ New Features for v(build )

   Can burn ISO file to DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL.

   Can create and continue Multi-Session DVD+R DL.  More Details

   Full supports Microsoft Vista x86 and x64 edition.

   Is Optimized for Microsoft Vista.

   Fixed the bug on opening and mounting NRG file

   Fixed the bug on opening and mounting MDS file

   Improves on burning CD/DVD image on-the-fly.

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

+ New Features for v(build )

   Full supports creating/opening/editing/extracting/burning UIF file format which is a compressed/encrypted CD/DVD file format.

   Can directly make UIF image from CD/DVD

   Can mount ISO NRG BIN/CUE MDS/MDF CCD/IMG UIF as virtual CD/DVD.

   Can compress ISO/CUE/NRG/MDS/CCD/CIF image into UIF file format.

   Can create password-protected UIF file format.

   Supports shell integration so that you can create/open/extract/mount CD/DVD image by context-menu of
    Windows Explorer

   Add option to set burning buffer size. (For build )

   Add option to enable or disable Shell intergration. (For build )

   Add option to set temporary directory. (For build )

   Add mp3 encoding options. (For build )

   Fixed bug on opening mds/mdf file. (For build )

   Fixed bug on extracting .dmg file.   (For build )

   Fixed bug on making UIF image from CD/DVD.

   Fixed bug on opening NRG files.

   Improves on burning CD/DVD image on-the-fly.

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

+ New Features for v(build )

   Can create/open/edit/extract/burn APPLE HFS/APPLES HFS+ disk image.

  Can create/open/edit/extract/burn DMG image.

  Can create Windows/Mac Hybrid CD/DVD image(ISO/JOLIET/UDF/HFS+).

  Added options to finalize CD/DVD disc.

  Fixed bug on decoding MP3 files.

   Improves on burning CD/DVD image on-the-fly.

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

+ New Features for v(build )

   Can create/edit/extract/burn UDF-ONLY CD/DVD image.

  Can create/edit/extract/burn DVD-Video image.

  Can create/edit/extract/burn X-BOX DVD image.

  Fixed bug on opening Windows Vista DVD image.

  Improves on coninuing CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW.

   Improves on burning CD/DVD image on-the-fly.

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

+ New Features for v(build )

   Supports burning MultiSession .mds/.ccd/.nrg CD image.

   Supports continuing MultiSession CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW.

   Supports directly burning CD/DVD image without saving(on-the-fly).

   Can edit audio/video/super video CD image in .mds/.mdf format.

   Can edit audio/video/super video CD image in .NRG format.

   Can edit audio/video/super video CD image in .ccd/.img format.

   Can rip audio CD  into MP3 files.

   Can open and extract XBOX DVD image and PS2 DVD image.

    Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Supports writing of floppy disk image onto floppy disk.

    Displays LBA (Logical Block Address) of files and files in the iso image.

    Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Improves on burning ISO file.

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Supports ISO version 2 specification.

    Supports burning CD/DVD image file to CD and DVD on the Windows Command Line. More Details

    Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Supports creating, editing, extracting Audio CD image file

    Supports creating, editing, extracting Video CD image file

    Supports creating, editing, extracting Super Video CD image file

    Supports burning Audio CD image file to CD on the fly

    Supports burning Video CD image file to CD on the fly

    Supports burning Super Video CD image file to CD on the fly

    Supports creating disk image file. (Disk format: M, M, M, K, K)

    Supports burning CUE image file to CD-R/RW,DVD-R/RW,DVD+R/RW

    Displays hidden files and folders within CD/DVD image file

    Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Supports burning CD/DVD image file to DVD+R/RW.

    Supports burning CD/DVD image file to DVD-R/RW.

    Supports opening/editing/extracting multi-session BIN image file.

    Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build )

    Supports making ISO image file from multi-session CD.

    Supports putting up to 32  bootable items  into one multi-bootable CD/DVD image.

    Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build ) 

   Supports opening, editing, extracting disk Image file (floppy disk image in M, M, M).

   Supports loading Multi-Bootable CD/DVD image files from "bootable option" dialog so that the user
   can install Multiple Operation System from one CD/DVD. 

   Features more command parameters in command line utility (manicapital.com) 

   Improves CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

   Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 99)

   Supports viewing  the properties of files and folders.

   Supports creating Multi-Bootable CD/DVD image files so that the user can install Multiple 
   Operation System from one CD/DVD. 

   French, Italian, Korean and Russian,German languages supported

   New command parameter in command line utility (manicapital.com) for creating  CD/DVD image
   file with RockRidge volume.

   Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

   Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 93)

   Supports Multi-languages interface 

   Query the user before overwriting the same name file or folder.

   Save the same files into CD/DVD image file once 

   Adds command line utility (manicapital.com) for creating, editing, extracting ISO file on Windows Console

   Supports ISO image with Rock Ridge extension (Linux/Unix CDs)

   Supports expert bootable setting for creating Linux/Unix bootable CD  

   Recomputes the checksum after editing BIN file.

   Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

   Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 86)

   Supports burning CD in Mode 1 or Mode 2/XA format.

    Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

   Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 82)

   Supports converting any CD/DVD image file to BIN/CUE.

   Supports long file name up to characters.

   Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 78)

    Improve CD/DVD image file processing engine (optimize for speed and space).

   Support shortcut key for file list action(ctrl+a )

    Add browser into searching file dialog.

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 75)

    Can search files or directories with wildcard characters in CD/DVD image file.

    Can extract, rename, delete, open  the found files.

    Improved CD/DVD image file detecting engine.

    Supports burning CD on USB connection CD-R/RW driver.

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 73)

    Supports editing properties of CD/DVD image files.

    Supports correct volume serial number after editing original CD/DVD image file.

    Fixed some minor error.

+ New Features for v(build 67)

    Supports burn CD image files with UDF format. 

    Supports loading and exporting  none -enumeration bootable information.

    Supports loading "IMG" CD image file and convert IMG to ISO.

+ New Features for v(build 65)

    Support Burn CD with most of CD image files(ISO, NRG, BIN etc). 

    Support intelligence ability to recognise most of  CD image files.

    Fixed GUI display BUG on XP OS. 

    Fixed installation BUG on NT OS

+ New Features for v(build 60)

   Handle up to G large CD/DVD image files.

+ Features for v (build 59)

     Process almost all CD-ROM image file(s) including ISO and BIN.

    Ability to directly add/delete/rename/extract file(s) within image files.

   Convert image files to the standard ISO format.

   Supports ISO Level1/2/3 and Joliet extension and UDF

   Duplicate disc to ISO file from CD/DVD-ROM.

   MagicISO embed with Windows Explorer.

   You can convert almost all image file formats, including BIN, and save it as a standard ISO format file.

   Edit ISO file in many format(such as Nero burning ROM, Easy CD Creator, CDRWin, CloneCD, BlindWrite, etc).

  Select some files or directories, and then create the ISO based on these files.

  Make bootable ISO file.

  Because of its file associations, you can simply double click an ISO file in Windows Explorer to open it.

 Very easy to use interface but powerful enough for an expert.

  Backup CD to your hard disk. 

  Please view here for get more detail about ISO creator.

CRACK manicapital.com manicapital.com

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free and may be either unpublished or open.

Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data: PNG files, for example, store bitmappedimages using lossless data compression. Other file formats, however, are designed for storage of several different types of data: the Ogg format can act as a container for different types of multimedia including any combination of audio and video, with or without text (such as subtitles), and metadata. A text file can contain any stream of characters, including possible control characters, and is encoded in one of various character encoding schemes. Some file formats, such as HTML, scalable vector graphics, and the source code of computer software are text files with defined syntaxes that allow them to be used for specific purposes.

Specifications[edit]

File formats often have a published specification describing the encoding method and enabling testing of program intended functionality. Not all formats have freely available specification documents, partly because some developers view their specification documents as trade secrets, and partly because other developers never author a formal specification document, letting precedent set by other already existing programs that use the format define the format via how these existing programs use it.

If the developer of a format doesn't publish free specifications, another developer looking to utilize that kind of file must either reverse engineer the file to find out how to read it or acquire the specification document from the format's developers for a fee and by signing a non-disclosure agreement. The latter approach is possible only when a formal specification document exists. Both strategies require significant time, money, or both; therefore, file formats with publicly available specifications tend to be supported by more programs.

Patents[edit]

Patent law, rather than copyright, is more often used to protect a file format. Although patents for file formats are not directly permitted under US law, some formats encode data using patented algorithms. For example, using compression with the GIF file format requires the use of a patented algorithm, and though the patent owner did not initially enforce their patent, they later began collecting royalty fees. This has resulted in a significant decrease in the use of GIFs, and is partly responsible for the development of the alternative PNG format. However, the GIF patent expired in the US in mid, and worldwide in mid

Identifying file type[edit]

Different operating systems have traditionally taken different approaches to determining a particular file's format, with each approach having its own advantages and disadvantages. Most modern operating systems and individual applications need to use all of the following approaches to read "foreign" file formats, if not work with them completely.

Filename extension[edit]

One popular method used by many operating systems, including Windows, macOS, CP/M, DOS, VMS and VM/CMS is to determine the format of a file based on the end of its name, more specifically the letters following the final period. This portion of the filename is known as the filename extension. For example, HTML documents are identified by names that end with .html (or .htm), and GIF images by .gif. In the original FATfile system, file names were limited to an eight-character identifier and a three-character extension, known as an filename. There are only so many three-letter extensions, so, often any given extension might be linked to more than one program. Many formats still use three-character extensions even though modern operating systems and application programs no longer have this limitation. Since there is no standard list of extensions, more than one format can use the same extension, which can confuse both the operating system and users.

One artifact of this approach is that the system can easily be tricked into treating a file as a different format simply by renaming it&#;an HTML file can, for instance, be easily treated as plain text by renaming it from manicapital.com to manicapital.com Although this strategy was useful to expert users who could easily understand and manipulate this information, it was often confusing to less technical users, who could accidentally make a file unusable (or "lose" it) by renaming it incorrectly.

This led more recent operating system shells, such as Windows 95 and Mac OS X, to hide the extension when listing files. This prevents the user from accidentally changing the file type, and allows expert users to turn this feature off and display the extensions.

Hiding the extension, however, can create the appearance of two or more identical filenames in the same folder. For example, a company logo may be needed both in .eps format (for publishing) and .png format (for web sites). With the extensions visible, these would appear as the unique filenames: "manicapital.com" and "manicapital.com". On the other hand, hiding the extensions would make both appear as "CompanyLogo", which can lead to confusion.

Hiding extensions can also pose a security risk.^[1] For example, a malicious user could create an executable program with an innocent name such as "Holiday manicapital.com". The ".exe" would be hidden and an unsuspecting user would see "Holiday manicapital.com", which would appear to be a JPEG image, usually unable to harm the machine. However, the operating system would still see the ".exe" extension and run the program, which would then be able to cause harm to the computer. The same is true with files with only one extension: as it is not shown to the user, no information about the file can be deduced without explicitly investigating the file. To further trick users, it is possible to store an icon inside the program, in which case some operating systems' icon assignment for the executable file (.exe) would be overridden with an icon commonly used to represent JPEG images, making the program look like an image. Extensions can also be spoofed: some Microsoft Word macro viruses create a Word file in template format and save it with a .doc extension. Since Word generally ignores extensions and looks at the format of the file, these would open as templates, execute, and spread the virus.^{[citation needed]} These issues require users with extensions hidden to be vigilant and never let the operating system choose with what program to open a file not known to be trustworthy (which contradicts the idea of making things easier for the user). This represents a practical problem for Windows systems where extension-hiding is turned on by default.

Internal metadata[edit]

A second way to identify a file format is to use information regarding the format stored inside the file itself, either information meant for this purpose or binary strings that happen to always be in specific locations in files of some formats. Since the easiest place to locate them is at the beginning, such area is usually called a file header when it is greater than a few bytes, or a magic number if it is just a few bytes long.

File header[edit]

The metadata contained in a file header are usually stored at the start of the file, but might be present in other areas too, often including the end, depending on the file format or the type of data contained. Character-based (text) files usually have character-based headers, whereas binary formats usually have binary headers, although this is not a rule. Text-based file headers usually take up more space, but being human-readable, they can easily be examined by using simple software such as a text editor or a hexadecimal editor.

As well as identifying the file format, file headers may contain metadata about the file and its contents. For example, most image files store information about image format, size, resolution and color space, and optionally authoring information such as who made the image, when and where it was made, what camera model and photographic settings were used (Exif), and so on. Such metadata may be used by software reading or interpreting the file during the loading process and afterwards.

File headers may be used by an operating system to quickly gather information about a file without loading it all into memory, but doing so uses more of a computer's resources than reading directly from the directory information. For instance, when a graphicfile manager has to display the contents of a folder, it must read the headers of many files before it can display the appropriate icons, but these will be located in different places on the storage medium thus taking longer to access. A folder containing many files with complex metadata such as thumbnail information may require considerable time before it can be displayed.

If a header is binary hard-coded such that the header itself needs complex interpretation in order to be recognized, especially for metadata content protection's sake, there is a risk that the file format can be misinterpreted. It may even have been badly written at the source. This can result in corrupt metadata which, in extremely bad cases, might even render the file unreadable.^{[clarification needed]}

A more complex example of file headers are those used for wrapper (or container) file formats.

Magic number[edit]

One way to incorporate file type metadata, often associated with Unix and its derivatives, is just to store a "magic number" inside the file itself. Originally, this term was used for a specific set of 2-byte identifiers at the beginnings of files, but since any binary sequence can be regarded as a number, any feature of a file format which uniquely distinguishes it can be used for identification. GIF images, for instance, always begin with the ASCII representation of either GIF87a or GIF89a, depending upon the standard to which they adhere. Many file types, especially plain-text files, are harder to spot by this method. HTML files, for example, might begin with the string <html> (which is not case sensitive), or an appropriate document type definition that starts with <!DOCTYPE HTML>, or, for XHTML, the XML identifier, which begins with <?xml. The files can also begin with HTML comments, random text, or several empty lines, but still be usable HTML.

The magic number approach offers better guarantees that the format will be identified correctly, and can often determine more precise information about the file. Since reasonably reliable "magic number" tests can be fairly complex, and each file must effectively be tested against every possibility in the magic database, this approach is relatively inefficient, especially for displaying large lists of files (in contrast, file name and metadata-based methods need to check only one piece of data, and match it against a sorted index). Also, data must be read from the file itself, increasing latency as opposed to metadata stored in the directory. Where file types don't lend themselves to recognition in this way, the system must fall back to metadata. It is, however, the best way for a program to check if the file it has been told to process is of the correct format: while the file's name or metadata may be altered independently of its content, failing a well-designed magic number test is a pretty sure sign that the file is either corrupt or of the wrong type. On the other hand, a valid magic number does not guarantee that the file is not corrupt or is of a correct type.

So-called shebang lines in script files are a special case of magic numbers. Here, the magic number is human-readable text that identifies a specific command interpreter and options to be passed to the command interpreter.

Another operating system using magic numbers is AmigaOS, where magic numbers were called "Magic Cookies" and were adopted as a standard system to recognize executables in Hunk executable file format and also to let single programs, tools and utilities deal automatically with their saved data files, or any other kind of file types when saving and loading data. This system was then enhanced with the Amiga standard Datatype recognition system. Another method was the FourCC method, originating in OSType on Macintosh, later adapted by Interchange File Format (IFF) and derivatives.

External metadata[edit]

A final way of storing the format of a file is to explicitly store information about the format in the file system, rather than within the file itself.

This approach keeps the metadata separate from both the main data and the name, but is also less portable than either filename extensions or "magic numbers", since the format has to be converted from filesystem to filesystem. While this is also true to an extent with filename extensions&#;for instance, for compatibility with MS-DOS's three character limit&#;most forms of storage have a roughly equivalent definition of a file's data and name, but may have varying or no representation of further metadata.

Note that zip files or archive files solve the problem of handling metadata. A utility program collects multiple files together along with metadata about each file and the folders/directories they came from all within one new file (e.g. a zip file with extension .zip). The new file is also compressed and possibly encrypted, but now is transmissible as a single file across operating systems by FTP systems or attached to email. At the destination, it must be unzipped by a compatible utility to be useful, but the problems of transmission are solved this way.

Mac OS type-codes[edit]

The Mac OS' Hierarchical File System stores codes for creator and type as part of the directory entry for each file. These codes are referred to as OSTypes. These codes could be any 4-byte sequence, but were often selected so that the ASCII representation formed a sequence of meaningful characters, such as an abbreviation of the application's name or the developer's initials. For instance a HyperCard "stack" file has a creator of WILD (from Hypercard's previous name, "WildCard") and a type of STAK. The BBEdit text editor has a creator code of referring to its original programmer, Rich Siegel. The type code specifies the format of the file, while the creator code specifies the default program to open it with when double-clicked by the user. For example, the user could have several text files all with the type code of TEXT, but which each open in a different program, due to having differing creator codes. This feature was intended so that, for example, human-readable plain-text files could be opened in a general purpose text editor, while programming or HTML code files would open in a specialized editor or IDE. However, this feature was often the source of user confusion, as which program would launch when the files were double-clicked was often unpredictable. RISC OS uses a similar system, consisting of a bit number which can be looked up in a table of descriptions—e.g. the hexadecimal number is "aliased" to PoScript, representing a PostScript file.

Mac OS X uniform type identifiers (UTIs)[edit]

A Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) is a method used in macOS for uniquely identifying "typed" classes of entity, such as file formats. It was developed by Apple as a replacement for OSType (type & creator codes).

The UTI is a Core Foundationstring, which uses a reverse-DNS string. Some common and standard types use a domain called public (e.g. manicapital.com for a Portable Network Graphics image), while other domains can be used for third-party types (e.g. manicapital.com for Portable Document Format). UTIs can be defined within a hierarchical structure, known as a conformance hierarchy. Thus, manicapital.com conforms to a supertype of manicapital.com, which itself conforms to a supertype of manicapital.com A UTI can exist in multiple hierarchies, which provides great flexibility.

In addition to file formats, UTIs can also be used for other entities which can exist in macOS, including:

• Pasteboard data
• Folders (directories)
• Translatable types (as handled by the Translation Manager)
• Bundles
• Frameworks
• Streaming data
• Aliases and symlinks

OS/2 extended attributes[edit]

The HPFS, FAT12 and FAT16 (but not FAT32) filesystems allow the storage of "extended attributes" with files. These comprise an arbitrary set of triplets with a name, a coded type for the value and a value, where the names are unique and values can be up to 64 KB long. There are standardized meanings for certain types and names (under OS/2). One such is that the ".TYPE" extended attribute is used to determine the file type. Its value comprises a list of one or more file types associated with the file, each of which is a string, such as "Plain Text" or "HTML document". Thus a file may have several types.

The NTFS filesystem also allows storage of OS/2 extended attributes, as one of the file forks, but this feature is merely present to support the OS/2 subsystem (not present in XP), so the Win32 subsystem treats this information as an opaque block of data and does not use it. Instead, it relies on other file forks to store meta-information in Winspecific formats. OS/2 extended attributes can still be read and written by Win32 programs, but the data must be entirely parsed by applications.

POSIX extended attributes[edit]

On Unix and Unix-like systems, the ext2, ext3, ReiserFS version 3, XFS, JFS, FFS, and HFS+ filesystems allow the storage of extended attributes with files. These include an arbitrary list of "name=value" strings, where the names are unique and a value can be accessed through its related name.

PRONOM unique identifiers (PUIDs)[edit]

The PRONOM Persistent Unique Identifier (PUID) is an extensible scheme of persistent, unique and unambiguous identifiers for file formats, which has been developed by The National Archives of the UK as part of its PRONOM technical registry service. PUIDs can be expressed as Uniform Resource Identifiers using the info:pronom/ namespace. Although not yet widely used outside of UK government and some digital preservation programmes, the PUID scheme does provide greater granularity than most alternative schemes.

MIME types[edit]

MIME types are widely used in many Internet-related applications, and increasingly elsewhere, although their usage for on-disc type information is rare. These consist of a standardised system of identifiers (managed by IANA) consisting of a type and a sub-type, separated by a slash&#;for instance, text/html or image/gif. These were originally intended as a way of identifying what type of file was attached to an e-mail, independent of the source and target operating systems. MIME types identify files on BeOS, AmigaOS and MorphOS, as well as store unique application signatures for application launching. In AmigaOS and MorphOS the Mime type system works in parallel with Amiga specific Datatype system.

There are problems with the MIME types though; several organisations and people have created their own MIME types without registering them properly with IANA, which makes the use of this standard awkward in some cases.

File format identifiers (FFIDs)[edit]

File format identifiers is another, not widely used way to identify file formats according to their origin and their file category. It was created for the Description Explorer suite of software. It is composed of several digits of the form . The first part indicates the organisation origin/maintainer (this number represents a value in a company/standards organisation database), the 2 following digits categorize the type of file in hexadecimal. The final part is composed of the usual filename extension of the file or the international standard number of the file, padded left with zeros. For example, the PNG file specification has the FFID of where indicates an image file, is the standard number and indicates the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

File content based format identification[edit]

Another but less popular way to identify the file format is to examine the file contents for distinguishable patterns among file types. The contents of a file are a sequence of bytes and a byte has unique permutations (0–). Thus, counting the occurrence of byte patterns that is often referred as byte frequency distribution gives distinguishable patterns to identify file types. There are many content-based file type identification schemes that use byte frequency distribution to build the representative models for file type and use any statistical and data mining techniques to identify file types ^[2]

File structure[edit]

There are several types of ways to structure data in a file. The most usual ones are described below.

Unstructured formats (raw memory dumps)[edit]

Earlier file formats used raw data formats that consisted of directly dumping the memory images of one or more structures into the file.

This has several drawbacks. Unless the memory images also have reserved spaces for future extensions, extending and improving this type of structured file is very difficult. It also creates files that might be specific to one platform or programming language (for example a structure containing a Pascal string is not recognized as such in C). On the other hand, developing tools for reading and writing these types of files is very simple.

The limitations of the unstructured formats led to the development of other types of file formats that could be easily extended and be backward compatible at the same time.

Chunk-based formats[edit]

In this kind of file structure, each piece of data is embedded in a container that somehow identifies the data. The container's scope can be identified by start- and end-markers of some kind, by an explicit length field somewhere, or by fixed requirements of the file format's definition.

Throughout the s, many programs used formats of this general kind. For example, word-processors such as troff, Script, and Scribe, and database export files such as CSV. Electronic Arts and Commodore-Amiga also used this type of file format in , with their IFF (Interchange File Format) file format.

A container is sometimes called a "chunk", although "chunk" may also imply that each piece is small, and/or that chunks do not contain other chunks; many formats do not impose those requirements.

The information that identifies a particular "chunk" may be called many different things, often terms including "field name", "identifier", "label", or "tag". The identifiers are often human-readable, and classify parts of the data: for example, as a "surname", "address", "rectangle", "font name", etc. These are not the same thing as identifiers in the sense of a database key or serial number (although an identifier may well identify its associated data as such a key).

With this type of file structure, tools that do not know certain chunk identifiers simply skip those that they do not understand. Depending on the actual meaning of the skipped data, this may or may not be useful (CSS explicitly defines such behavior).

This concept has been used again and again by RIFF (Microsoft-IBM equivalent of IFF), PNG, JPEG storage, DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) encoded streams and files (which were originally described in CCITT X and therefore predate IFF), and Structured Data Exchange Format (SDXF).

Indeed, any data format must somehow identify the significance of its component parts, and embedded boundary-markers are an obvious way to do so:

• MIME headers do this with a colon-separated label at the start of each logical line. MIME headers cannot contain other MIME headers, though the data content of some headers has sub-parts that can be extracted by other conventions.
• CSV and similar files often do this using a header records with field names, and with commas to mark the field boundaries. Like MIME, CSV has no provision for structures with more than one level.
• XML and its kin can be loosely considered a kind of chunk-based format, since data elements are identified by markup that is akin to chunk identifiers. However, it has formal advantages such as schemas and validation, as well as the ability to represent more complex structures such as trees, DAGs, and charts. If XML is considered a "chunk" format, then SGML and its predecessor IBM GML are among the earliest examples of such formats.
• JSON is similar to XML without schemas, cross-references, or a definition for the meaning of repeated field-names, and is often convenient for programmers.
• YAML is similar to JSON, but use indentation to separate data chunks and aim to be more human-readable than JSON or XML.
• Protocol Buffers are in turn similar to JSON, notably replacing boundary-markers in the data with field numbers, which are mapped to/from names by some external mechanism.

Directory-based formats[edit]

This is another extensible format, that closely resembles a file system (OLE Documents are actual filesystems), where the file is composed of 'directory entries' that contain the location of the data within the file itself as well as its signatures (and in certain cases its type). Good examples of these types of file structures are disk images, OLE documents TIFF, libraries. ODT and DOCX, being PKZIP-based are chunked and also carry a directory.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Look up file format in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.